{"id":5487,"date":"2023-01-16T10:59:53","date_gmt":"2023-01-16T10:59:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egytourpackages.com\/alexandrie-egypt-fakta-historie\/"},"modified":"2025-08-09T21:27:57","modified_gmt":"2025-08-09T21:27:57","slug":"alexandrie-egypt-fakta-historie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egytourpackages.com\/cs\/alexandrie-egypt-fakta-historie\/","title":{"rendered":"Alexandrie, Egypt: Fakta, historie, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Alexandrie, Egypt: Fakta, historie, poloha a tipy pro cestovatele<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><strong>Alexandrie<\/strong> je m\u011bsto s bohatou <strong>histori\u00ed<\/strong>. Zalo\u017eil ji <strong>Alexandr Velik\u00fd<\/strong>, byla centrem <strong>k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/strong> a nach\u00e1zela se zde jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch katedr\u00e1l sv\u00e9 doby.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Poloha Alexandrie<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>M\u011bsto le\u017e\u00ed na severu <strong>Egypta<\/strong>, asi 225 km severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od <strong>K\u00e1hiry<\/strong>, p\u0159\u00edmo na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed <strong>St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e<\/strong>. Alexandrie se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na z\u00e1padn\u00edm okraji <strong>delty \u0159eky Nil<\/strong>. Jej\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed se t\u00e1hne 32 km od <strong>pal\u00e1ce Montazah<\/strong> a\u017e po El Corniche a na z\u00e1pad\u011b kon\u010d\u00ed u pevnosti <strong>Qaitbay<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrie byla po tis\u00edc let hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Egypta, a to za <strong>Ptolemaiovc\u016f<\/strong>, <strong>\u0158\u00edman\u016f<\/strong> a <strong>Byzantinc\u016f<\/strong>. Hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem se stala a\u017e po arabsk\u00e9m dobyt\u00ed v roce 641 n. l. <strong>Fustat<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Fakta o Alexandrii<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Alexandrie je po K\u00e1hi\u0159e druh\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto v Egypt\u011b.<\/li>\n<li>M\u011bsto m\u00e1 5 milion\u016f obyvatel a rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 se na plo\u0161e 2 679 km\u00b2.<\/li>\n<li>Zalo\u017eil ji Alexandr Velik\u00fd v roce 332 p\u0159. n. l.<\/li>\n<li>Je \u010dtvrt\u00fdm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem v arabsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b a dev\u00e1tou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed metropolitn\u00ed oblast\u00ed v Africe.<\/li>\n<li>Jedn\u00e1 se o nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed egyptsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav a centrum n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed aktivity.<\/li>\n<li>D\u0159\u00edve zde st\u00e1l jeden ze sedmi div\u016f starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, maj\u00e1k na ostrov\u011b Faros.<\/li>\n<li>Citadela Qaitbay je postavena na stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, kde se nach\u00e1zel proslul\u00fd maj\u00e1k na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e.<\/li>\n<li>Legend\u00e1rn\u00ed Alexandrijsk\u00e1 knihovna byla nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed knihovnou sv\u00e9 doby.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00edstn\u00ed ji naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201eNev\u011bsta St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>Za vl\u00e1dy Ptolemaiovsk\u00e9 dynastie se m\u011bsto stalo hlavn\u00edm centrem hel\u00e9nsk\u00e9 civilizace.<\/li>\n<li>Katakomby Kom al-\u0160uk\u00e1fa jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za jeden ze sedmi div\u016f st\u0159edov\u011bku a slou\u017eily jako m\u00edsto posledn\u00edho odpo\u010dinku pro \u0159eckou \u0161lechtickou rodinu.<\/li>\n<li>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd amfite\u00e1tr ve m\u011bst\u011b m\u00e1 jevi\u0161t\u011b a 700\u2013800 sedadel.<\/li>\n<li>Odhadovan\u00fd po\u010det papyrov\u00fdch svitk\u016f v knihovn\u011b se pohyboval mezi 40 000 a 400 000.<\/li>\n<li>V Alexandrijsk\u00e9 knihovn\u011b pracovali Apoll\u00f3nios z Rhodu, Kallimachos a Z\u00e9nodotos z Efezu.<\/li>\n<li>Egypt a Alexandrie se dostaly pod \u0159\u00edmskou nadvl\u00e1du v roce 30 p\u0159. n. l. za vl\u00e1dy c\u00edsa\u0159e Augusta.<\/li>\n<li>Alexandrie padla pod vl\u00e1du muslimsk\u00fdch dobyvatel\u016f pod veden\u00edm arm\u00e1dy Amra ibn al-Ase.<\/li>\n<li>V roce 1801 dorazila britsk\u00e1 expedice, kter\u00e1 p\u0159evzala kontrolu. Alexandrie byla osvobozena po 150 letech britsk\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1dy.<\/li>\n<li>Alexandrie byla sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu jedn\u00edm z p\u0159edn\u00edch center k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed a s\u00eddlem jedn\u00e9 z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch katedr\u00e1l.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Zalo\u017een\u00ed Alexandrie<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Alexandr Velik\u00fd<\/strong> si uv\u011bdomoval, \u017ee dobyt\u00ed Egypta znamen\u00e1 zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed t\u00fdlu na z\u00e1pad\u011b a uzav\u0159en\u00ed <strong>St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e<\/strong> pro <strong>Per\u0161any<\/strong>. Nejprve po dev\u00edtim\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed dobyl T\u00fdros a pot\u00e9 po dvou m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch Gazu, pohrani\u010dn\u00ed m\u011bsto Egypta.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00e1d Gazy znamenal p\u00e1d persk\u00e9 pevnosti chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed Egypt, na\u010de\u017e se persk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da st\u00e1hla do <strong>Memfisu<\/strong>, starov\u011bk\u00e9ho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Egypta. Alexandr se vydal sm\u011brem k egyptsk\u00e9mu hlavn\u00edmu m\u011bstu, a Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 ho p\u0159iv\u00edtali jako nov\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce a d\u011bdice kr\u00e1le <strong>Nectaneba II.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Koncem roku 332 p\u0159. n. l. Alexandr dorazil do Memfisu a persk\u00fd vl\u00e1dce se vzdal. Alexandr respektoval egyptskou kulturu a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a byl faraonsk\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem korunov\u00e1n na kr\u00e1le zem\u011b kn\u011bzem <strong>Ptahova chr\u00e1mu<\/strong> v Memfisu. P\u0159ijal titul <strong>\u201eMilovan\u00fd Raa, vyvolen\u00fd Amon\u016fv\u201c<\/strong>. Jako egyptsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l musel nav\u0161t\u00edvit <strong>egyptsk\u00e9 chr\u00e1my<\/strong> a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et ob\u011bti egyptsk\u00fdm boh\u016fm.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 331 p\u0159. n. l. Alexandr nav\u0161t\u00edvil <strong>Amon\u016fv chr\u00e1m<\/strong> v <strong>o\u00e1ze S\u00edwa<\/strong>, zn\u00e1m\u00fd tak\u00e9 jako <strong>Chr\u00e1m v\u011b\u0161tce<\/strong>. Na shroma\u017edi\u0161ti 16 vesnic vydal p\u0159\u00edkazy k zalo\u017een\u00ed nov\u00e9ho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta v \u0159eck\u00e9m stylu, kter\u00e9 ponese jeho jm\u00e9no.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandr zalo\u017eil dvacet m\u011bst, kter\u00e1 nesou jeho jm\u00e9no, z nich\u017e nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je pr\u00e1v\u011b Alexandrie v Egypt\u011b. Alexandrie se stala v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm m\u011bstem ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed a centrem hel\u00e9nismu, \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00edm \u0159eck\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed a kulturu.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Pro\u010d Alexandr zalo\u017eil Alexandrii?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Zat\u00edmco byl Alexandr v roce 331 p\u0159. n. l. na cest\u011b z Memfisu (nejstar\u0161\u00edho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Egypta) do <strong>Amonovy o\u00e1zy (o\u00e1za S\u00edwa)<\/strong>, aby se poradil se slavnou v\u011b\u0161t\u00edrnou v chr\u00e1mu <strong>Jupitera Amona<\/strong>, pochodoval se svou arm\u00e1dou pod\u00e9l z\u00e1padn\u00edho, takzvan\u00e9ho <strong>kanopsk\u00e9ho ramene Nilu<\/strong>, dokud nedos\u00e1hl St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e, kde na\u0161el dva p\u0159\u00edstavy. V\u00fdchodn\u00ed (Portus Magnus) byl v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ten z\u00e1padn\u00ed, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdval <strong>Portus euastous<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Byl ohromen ide\u00e1ln\u00ed polohou, kterou nab\u00edzela mal\u00e1 vesnice <strong>Rhacotis<\/strong>, ob\u00fdvan\u00e1 m\u00edstn\u00edmi egyptsk\u00fdmi ryb\u00e1\u0159i, s ostrovem faraon\u016f naproti. Nab\u00edzela ide\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00edsto pro zalo\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstavu pro obchod a spojen\u00ed Egypta se zbytkem sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n<p>Bylo to na tom \u00fazk\u00e9m pruhu zem\u011b, le\u017e\u00edc\u00edm mezi St\u0159edozemn\u00edm mo\u0159em na severu a <strong>jezerem Rhacotis<\/strong> na jihu. Historici se shoduj\u00ed, \u017ee Rhacotis neboli <strong>R\u00e2-Kedet<\/strong> byla osada zalo\u017een\u00e1 p\u0159ed \u010dtvrt\u00fdm stolet\u00edm p\u0159. n. l. na \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pozd\u011bji vyvinulo v Alexandrii. To bylo m\u011bsto, kter\u00e9 neslo jm\u00e9no Alexandr.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jej\u00ed poloha pomohla makedonsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b p\u0159i dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed <strong>St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>M\u011bla b\u00fdt <strong>centrem obchodu<\/strong> v tomto regionu.<\/li>\n<li>Byla zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed <strong>hel\u00e9nsk\u00e9 kultury<\/strong> do zbytku St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Alexandr sv\u011b\u0159il jej\u00ed stavbu \u0159eck\u00e9mu in\u017een\u00fdrovi, <strong>rhodsk\u00e9mu Dinokratesovi<\/strong>, kter\u00fd ji navrhl ve stylu bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edm se architektu\u0159e starov\u011bk\u00fdch \u0159eck\u00fdch m\u011bst.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Alexandrie po smrti Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Po smrti Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho v roce 323 p\u0159. n. l. byla jeho \u0159\u00ed\u0161e rozd\u011blena mezi jeho gener\u00e1ly. Ptolemaios se prohl\u00e1sil kr\u00e1lem Egypta a zah\u00e1jil <strong>Ptolemaiovskou dynastii<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 vl\u00e1dla Egyptu v\u00edce ne\u017e 300 let (323-30 p\u0159. n. l.).<\/p>\n<p>Po smrti <strong>Kleopatry VII.<\/strong>, posledn\u00ed kr\u00e1lovny Ptolemaiovsk\u00e9 dynastie, v bitv\u011b u Actia v roce 30 p\u0159. n. l. se Egypt pod veden\u00edm <strong>Octaviana<\/strong> stal provinci\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 vl\u00e1dli Egyptu a\u017e do poloviny sedm\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, kdy zemi dobyli Arabov\u00e9 pod veden\u00edm <strong>Amra Ibn El Assa<\/strong>. B\u011bhem tohoto obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 historici naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed <strong>\u0159ecko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed<\/strong>, byla Alexandrie hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Egypta a dos\u00e1hla vrcholu sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu.<\/p>\n<p>V dob\u011b Alexandrovy smrti nebyla stavba m\u011bsta p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pokro\u010dil\u00e1 a i p\u0159es \u00fasil\u00ed <strong>Ptolemaia I.<\/strong> se zd\u00e1, \u017ee m\u011bsto nebylo dokon\u010deno a\u017e do doby vl\u00e1dy <strong>Ptolemaia II.<\/strong> (285\u2013246 p\u0159. n. l.).<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Architekt Alexandrie<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Architektem nov\u00e9ho m\u011bsta byl <strong>Dinokrates<\/strong>. Nejprve spojil ostrov Faros s pevninou n\u00e1spem, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdval <strong>Heptastadium<\/strong>, proto\u017ee byl dlouh\u00fd sedm stadi\u00ed, tedy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jednu m\u00edli. N\u00e1sep zmizel v d\u016fsledku usazov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy a zanesen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstavu mo\u0159em. Stal se tak sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed modern\u00edho m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n<p>Dinokrates se rozhodl pou\u017e\u00edt pro m\u011bsto hippodamovsk\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1dalo ze dvou hlavn\u00edch ulic prot\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch se v prav\u00e9m \u00fahlu, zat\u00edmco ostatn\u00ed bo\u010dn\u00ed ulice byly pl\u00e1nov\u00e1ny tak, aby byly rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 s t\u011bmito kolm\u00fdmi osami.<\/p>\n<p>V d\u016fsledku stavby t\u0159etina cel\u00e9 plochy m\u011bsta p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eela v\u00fdchodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstav. Nach\u00e1zely se zde kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 budovy, mnoho pal\u00e1c\u016f a zahrad. D\u00e1le slavn\u00e9 muzeum s knihovnou a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd h\u0159bitov.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u010ctvrti Alexandrie<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Alexandrie byla rozd\u011blena do p\u011bti \u010dtvrt\u00ed, ozna\u010den\u00fdch prvn\u00edmi p\u011bti p\u00edsmeny \u0159eck\u00e9 abecedy. Pat\u0159ily sem kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 \u010dtvr\u0165 <strong>(Brucheion)<\/strong> a \u017eidovsk\u00e1 \u010dtvr\u0165 (s Velk\u00fdm divadlem, kter\u00e9 se t\u00e1hlo p\u0159es centrum m\u011bsta od v\u00fdchodu na z\u00e1pad). D\u00e1le zde byla \u010dtvr\u0165 zvan\u00e1 Canopus Street (dnes zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako Fouad Street), ohrani\u010den\u00e1 na v\u00fdchod\u011b <strong>Kanopskou br\u00e1nou<\/strong>, na z\u00e1pad\u011b <strong>Sedra br\u00e1nou<\/strong> a dlouhou ulic\u00ed t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se od severu k jihu, kter\u00e1 se prot\u00ednala s ulic\u00ed Nabi Daniel Street, ohrani\u010den\u00e1 na severu <strong>M\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed br\u00e1nou<\/strong> a na jihu <strong>Slune\u010dn\u00ed br\u00e1nou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 \u010dtvr\u0165: Nach\u00e1zela se na v\u00fdchod\u011b m\u011bsta a byla ohrani\u010dena ulic\u00ed Sima na z\u00e1pad\u011b, \u017eidovskou \u010dtvrt\u00ed na v\u00fdchod\u011b a silnic\u00ed Canopus Road na jihu.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Pl\u00e1n Alexandrie<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Podle vykop\u00e1vek z 19. stolet\u00ed se ve m\u011bst\u011b nach\u00e1zelo 7 hlavn\u00edch ulic, kter\u00e9 vedly od z\u00e1padu na v\u00fdchod, ka\u017ed\u00e1 o \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce 7 metr\u016f. Hlavn\u00ed nebo prost\u0159edn\u00ed z nich byla \u0161irok\u00e1 140 metr\u016f a vzd\u00e1lenost mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi ulicemi byla 280 metr\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Bylo tak\u00e9 nalezeno 11 ulic vedouc\u00edch od severu na jih, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vzd\u00e1lenost mezi ulicemi byla 330 metr\u016f a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka 7 metr\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Hrobka <strong>Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho<\/strong> se nach\u00e1zela v srdci m\u011bsta, kde se prot\u00ednaly dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed ulice, a vedle n\u00ed byly hrobky <strong>Ptolemaiovsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ptolemaios VIII. Euergetes II.<\/strong> p\u0159esunul Alexandrovu hrobku do oblasti kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho pal\u00e1ce a <strong>Caracalla<\/strong> tuto oblast nav\u0161t\u00edvil a p\u0159inesl jim ob\u011bti, ale v dob\u011b vl\u00e1dy <strong>Marca Aurelia<\/strong> byla zni\u010dena.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0158ekov\u00e9 \u017eili v severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti m\u011bsta.<\/li>\n<li>Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 \u017eili v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/li>\n<li>H\u0159bitov byl na z\u00e1pad\u011b m\u011bsta.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serapeum Alexandrijsk\u00e9<\/strong> bylo na jihu m\u011bsta.<\/li>\n<li>Knihovna a Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed filozof\u016f byly v severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti, kterou zalo\u017eil Ptolemaios.<\/li>\n<li>Alexandrie m\u011bla sv\u016fj v\u00fdchodn\u00ed vchod, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdval Slune\u010dn\u00ed br\u00e1na, a plus t\u0159i dal\u0161\u00ed, tak\u017ee celkem m\u011bla \u010dty\u0159i vchodov\u00e9 br\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Alexandrie b\u011bhem Ptolemaiovsk\u00e9 \u00e9ry<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Po smrti Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd nikdy nevid\u011bl m\u011bsto, kter\u00e9 po n\u011bm bylo pojmenov\u00e1no a kter\u00e9 ho zv\u011b\u010dnilo v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch, m\u011bsto p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nerostlo. Od dob <strong>Ptolemaia I. \u201eSot\u00e9ra\u201c<\/strong> se v\u0161ak m\u011bsto za\u010dalo rychle rozv\u00edjet, a\u017e se za \u00e9ry <strong>Ptolemaia II. \u201eFiladelfa\u201c<\/strong>, kter\u00fd vl\u00e1dl od roku 285 p\u0159. n. l. do roku 246 p\u0159. n. l., stalo nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm a nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ekonalo v\u0161echna tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e1 i egyptsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta a stalo se p\u0159edm\u011btem obdivu cel\u00e9ho starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrie se stala prvn\u00edm egyptsk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstavem s hlubok\u00fdmi vodami, proto\u017ee se nach\u00e1zela p\u0159\u00edmo u mo\u0159e. Stala se tak sty\u010dn\u00fdm a k\u0159i\u017eovatkov\u00fdm bodem pro obchodn\u00ed cesty, kter\u00e9 spojovaly Egypt s oblastmi, s nimi\u017e obchodoval, a prvn\u00edm centrem pro egyptsk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed transakce, dovoz a v\u00fdvoz.<\/p>\n<p>B\u011bhem ptolemaiovsk\u00e9 \u00e9ry, v letech 288 a\u017e 280 p\u0159. n. l., byly v Alexandrii zalo\u017eeny dv\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 instituce:<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Alexandrijsk\u00e1 univerzita <\/span><\/h3>\n<p>neboli M\u00faseion (D\u016fm moudrosti), kde studovala elita spole\u010dnosti z \u0159ad lid\u00ed se znalostmi, my\u0161lenkami a literaturou z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, proto\u017ee Ptolemaiovci je sem p\u0159iv\u00e1\u017eeli ze v\u0161ech kout\u016f sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Knihovna Alexandrijsk\u00e1<\/strong> Knihovna obsahovala velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed svitk\u016f, kter\u00e9 dosahovaly po\u010dtu asi sedmi set tis\u00edc. <strong>Kleopatra VII.<\/strong> k nim p\u0159idala dal\u0161\u00edch asi dv\u011b st\u011b tis\u00edc svitk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrie se tak\u00e9 stala sty\u010dn\u00fdm a tranzitn\u00edm bodem pro obchodn\u00ed cesty spojuj\u00edc\u00ed Egypt s jin\u00fdmi regiony.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrie se odli\u0161ovala od ostatn\u00edch egyptsk\u00fdch m\u011bst, a\u017e se za\u010dala ozna\u010dovat jako <strong>\u201eM\u011bsto\u201c<\/strong>, podobn\u011b jako bylo m\u011bsto <strong>\u201eTh\u00e9by\u201c<\/strong> za vl\u00e1dy faraon\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrie m\u011bla tak\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed soudy a vlastn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, kter\u00e9 bylo zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako ob\u010dansk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo. Tyto soudy a z\u00e1kony byly uzn\u00e1v\u00e1ny dokonce i na kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch dvorech.<\/p>\n<p>Ptolemaiovci rozd\u011blili zemi na 42 kraj\u016f, kraje na centra a centra na skupinu vesnic zvanou Kom. Jako \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk zem\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali <strong>\u0159e\u010dtinu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Ptolemaiovci si uv\u011bdomovali d\u016fle\u017eitost n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 v\u00edry v \u017eivot\u011b Egyp\u0165an\u016f. Proto p\u0159idali ke sv\u00fdm vl\u00e1dc\u016fm rys uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a uznali <strong>egyptsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/strong> jako ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed zem\u011b. Z\u00e1le\u017eelo jim tak\u00e9 na zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed mnoha chr\u00e1m\u016f, jako byl <strong>Hor\u016fv chr\u00e1m<\/strong> v <strong>Edfu<\/strong> a <strong>chr\u00e1m bohyn\u011b Isis<\/strong> ve <strong>Philae<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Ptolemaiovsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za majitele Egypta a absolutn\u00edho vl\u00e1dce sv\u00fdch poddan\u00fdch. P\u0159i obsazov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch pozic v zemi se spol\u00e9hali na \u0158eky a sami sebe pova\u017eovali za kr\u00e1le, faraony a bohy.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v Ptolemaiovsk\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se <strong>Ptolemaios I. Soter<\/strong> stal kr\u00e1lem Egypta, vytvo\u0159il nov\u00e9ho boha, <strong>Serapida<\/strong>, aby z\u00edskal podporu jak \u0158ek\u016f, tak Egyp\u0165an\u016f. Serapis byl patronem ptolemaiovsk\u00e9ho Egypta, spojoval egyptsk\u00e9 bohy <strong>Apise<\/strong> a <strong>Osirise<\/strong> s \u0159eck\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy <strong>Zeusem<\/strong>, <strong>Hadem<\/strong> a <strong>Askl\u00e9piem<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho r\u016fst a popularita odr\u00e1\u017eely z\u00e1m\u011brnou politiku ptolemaiovsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a byly charakteristick\u00e9 pro dynastii, kter\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edvala egyptsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed k legitimizaci sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a pos\u00edlen\u00ed sv\u00e9 kontroly.<\/p>\n<p>Ptolemaios I. tak\u00e9 podporoval kult zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9ho Alexandra, kter\u00fd se stal st\u00e1tn\u00edm bohem ptolemaiovsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Mnoho vl\u00e1dc\u016f rovn\u011b\u017e podporovalo individu\u00e1ln\u00ed kult osobnosti, v\u010detn\u011b oslav v egyptsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Jazyk v Alexandrii b\u011bhem Ptolemaiovsk\u00e9 \u00e9ry<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Obyvatel\u00e9 mluvili n\u011bkolika jazyky, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e dominantn\u00edm jazykem byla <strong>\u0159e\u010dtina<\/strong> se v\u0161emi jej\u00edmi dialekty. V n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edch \u010dtvrt\u00edch se v\u0161ak mluvilo <strong>egypt\u0161tinou<\/strong>, zat\u00edmco \u017did\u00e9 mluvili <strong>hebrejsky<\/strong> a <strong>aramejsky<\/strong>, co\u017e byl st\u00e1le jejich dominantn\u00ed jazyk. Krom\u011b hebrej\u0161tiny existoval je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed semitsk\u00fd jazyk, a je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee se zde mluvilo i n\u011bkter\u00fdmi indick\u00fdmi dialekty.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Alexandrie v \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>V obdob\u00ed, kdy byl ptolemaiovsk\u00fd st\u00e1t oslaben, za\u010dala <strong>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e<\/strong> nab\u00fdvat na s\u00edle a poda\u0159ilo se j\u00ed ovl\u00e1dnout v\u011bt\u0161inu St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Zb\u00fdval jim u\u017e jen Egypt, kter\u00fd se jim poda\u0159ilo ovl\u00e1dnout v roce 30 p\u0159. n. l.<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Egypta za vl\u00e1dy \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byla Alexandrie, kter\u00e1 byla pro \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 c\u00edsa\u0159e pova\u017eov\u00e1na za <strong>\u201edruh\u00fd \u0158\u00edm\u201c<\/strong>. Bohat\u00e9 egyptsk\u00e9 zem\u011b se po smrti Kleopatry VII. v roce 30 p\u0159. n. l. staly majetkem \u0158\u00edma, co\u017e vedlo ke konci ptolemaiovsk\u00e9 dynastie v Egypt\u011b, kter\u00e1 vl\u00e1dla od smrti <strong>Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho<\/strong> v roce 323 p\u0159. n. l.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fvodem pro v\u00fdb\u011br Alexandrie jako hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Egypta v t\u00e9 dob\u011b byl velk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 centrum, a nav\u00edc se m\u011bsto nach\u00e1z\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e z\u00e1padn\u00edho konce <strong>delty Nilu<\/strong> u <strong>St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Augustus<\/strong> pova\u017eoval Egypt za soukrom\u00fd majetek, podobn\u011b jako Ptolemaiovci p\u0159ed n\u00edm, i kdy\u017e spr\u00e1va Egypta v dob\u011b Ptolemaiovc\u016f m\u011bla za c\u00edl obohatit vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed Ptolemaiovskou rodinu v Egypt\u011b. To se za vl\u00e1dy \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f zm\u011bnilo, a tak jej pova\u017eovali za z\u00e1sob\u00e1rnu p\u0161enice, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla uspokojit pot\u0159eby obyvatel \u0158\u00edma a z\u00edskat si jejich podporu.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Egyptsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 zachovali egyptsk\u00e9 z\u00e1kony a uplat\u0148ovali je na Egyp\u0165any. Co se t\u00fd\u010de \u0158\u00edman\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pob\u00fdvali v Egypt\u011b, na ty se vztahovalo <strong>\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 tak\u00e9 zachovali syst\u00e9my a z\u00e1kony \u0159eck\u00fdch m\u011bst, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad (Nokratis \u2013 Ptolemais \u2013 Alexandrie), po zaveden\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u00faprav. Uplat\u0148ovali tak\u00e9 \u0159eck\u00e9 z\u00e1kony na m\u011bsto <strong>Antipolis<\/strong> (vesnice \u0160ejka Ubadaha, centrum Malawi v Minyi), kter\u00e9 bylo zalo\u017eeno <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159em Hadri\u00e1nem<\/strong> a vydalo n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00e1kony upravuj\u00edc\u00ed vztahy mezi \u0158\u00edmany a Egyp\u0165any.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrie si v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e udr\u017eela sv\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 postaven\u00ed. Rozv\u00edjely se zde mnoh\u00e9 v\u011bdy, zejm\u00e9na <strong>in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed<\/strong>, <strong>mechanika<\/strong>, <strong>geografie<\/strong>, <strong>historie<\/strong> a <strong>filozofie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrie byla po v\u00edce ne\u017e dva tis\u00edce let jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u011bst starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem v Egypt\u011b. Byla v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm obchodn\u00edm centrem mezi Evropou a Asi\u00ed, spojuj\u00edc\u00edm <strong>St\u0159edozemn\u00ed<\/strong> a <strong>Rud\u00e9 mo\u0159e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Bylo tak\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00edm kulturn\u00edm centrem sv\u011bta a domovem pro lidi r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed. Sch\u00e1zeli se zde \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed u\u010denci, \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159i, matematici, filozofov\u00e9, u\u010denci, b\u00e1sn\u00edci a dal\u0161\u00ed myslitel\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b proslul\u00e9 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 knihovny, o kter\u00e9 se \u0159\u00edkalo, \u017ee ve t\u0159et\u00edm stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. obsahovala 500 000 svazk\u016f. C\u00edsa\u0159 <strong>Augustus<\/strong> p\u0159i invazi do Alexandrie pou\u017eil moudrou politiku, kdy\u017e vyhl\u00e1sil v\u0161eobecnou amnestii pro ob\u010dany m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Alexandrie a k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Kristus se narodil za vl\u00e1dy \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e Augusta v <strong>Betl\u00e9m\u011b<\/strong> v <strong>Palestin\u011b<\/strong>. <strong>K\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/strong> za\u010dalo pokorn\u011b mezi jeho apo\u0161toly a u\u010dedn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed mu byli v\u011brn\u00ed a dr\u017eeli se jeho u\u010den\u00ed, dokud <strong>Kristus<\/strong> nezem\u0159el v roce 30 n. l. Jeho n\u00e1sledovn\u00edci pokra\u010dovali v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lech a uct\u00edvali ho v <strong>\u0160alamounov\u011b chr\u00e1mu<\/strong> a shroma\u017e\u010fovali se v jeho chodb\u00e1ch. P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u0161ichni pat\u0159ili k ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm vrstv\u00e1m spole\u010dnosti a poch\u00e1zeli z r\u016fzn\u00fdch kout\u016f a m\u011bst.<\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/strong> se do Egypta dostalo p\u016fl stolet\u00ed po za\u010d\u00e1tku posl\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161eho p\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e a zavedl ho apo\u0161tol Marek. Alexandrie a jej\u00ed c\u00edrkev jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za jeden ze \u010dty\u0159 hlavn\u00edch glob\u00e1ln\u00edch patriarch\u00e1t\u016f (Antiochijsk\u00fd patriarch\u00e1t, Konstantinopolsk\u00fd patriarch\u00e1t a Jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd patriarch\u00e1t). Je to jedna z historick\u00fdch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch c\u00edrkv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 trp\u011bla pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00edm ze strany byzantsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Za vl\u00e1dy <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159e Diokleci\u00e1na<\/strong> (284\u2013305 n. l.) do\u0161lo k nejhor\u0161\u00edmu n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 byli vyhn\u00e1ni ze dvora i z \u0159ad arm\u00e1dy, vyhn\u00e1ni do odlehl\u00fdch destinac\u00ed, zbaveni ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, jejich svat\u00e9 knihy byly sp\u00e1leny a jejich kostely zbo\u0159eny.<\/p>\n<p>D\u011bsiv\u00e9 masakry, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch bylo v Egypt\u011b a v Alexandrii obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b popraveno mnoho k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f, pokra\u010dovaly, a\u017e se \u00e9ra tohoto c\u00edsa\u0159e za\u010dala naz\u00fdvat <strong>(\u00e9ra mu\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f)<\/strong>. \u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed d\u00edky hrdinstv\u00ed t\u011bchto mu\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159it\u00e1hlo pozornost mnoha pohan\u016f a vzbudilo jejich z\u00e1jem o novou v\u00edru. Brzy pot\u00e9, co ji p\u0159ijali, se <strong>k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/strong> roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo a p\u0159evl\u00e1dlo v Alexandrii a dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech Egypta.<\/p>\n<p>Alexandrie trp\u011bla extr\u00e9mn\u00ed chudobou v dob\u011b vzniku k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, a pot\u00e9 byla v roce 619 n. l. napadena Per\u0161any. V roce 628 n. l. se k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 Byzantsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e dostala pod vl\u00e1du Heraklia, dokud do n\u00ed v roce 641 n. l. nevtrhl kalif Umar a nez\u00edskal ji. V\u00e1lky mezi <strong>k\u0159es\u0165any<\/strong>, <strong>muslimy<\/strong> a Byzantinci pokra\u010dovaly, dokud se ofici\u00e1ln\u011b nedostala pod isl\u00e1mskou vl\u00e1du, a to do roku 1323 n. l.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Alexandrie v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Arabov\u00e9 porazili Byzantince a obsadili kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 m\u011bsta S\u00fdrie a Palestiny. Porazili tak\u00e9 perskou arm\u00e1du na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed front\u011b v <strong>Mezopot\u00e1mii<\/strong> a Ir\u00e1ku. Dal\u0161\u00edm logick\u00fdm krokem bylo zabezpe\u010dit S\u00fdrii p\u0159ed mo\u017en\u00fdm \u00fatokem z byzantsk\u00e9 provincie Egypt.<\/p>\n<p>Muslimsk\u00fd gener\u00e1l <strong>Amr ibn al-As<\/strong> dobyl pevnost <strong>Babylon<\/strong> na Nilu v dubnu 641. Pot\u00e9 pochodoval na sever proti byzantsk\u00e9 Alexandrii. Muslimov\u00e9 obl\u00e9hali Alexandrii v b\u0159eznu 641.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00edsa\u0159 Heraklius shrom\u00e1\u017edil velkou arm\u00e1du v Konstantinopoli. M\u011bl v \u00famyslu v\u00e9st tuto arm\u00e1du osobn\u011b do Alexandrie. Ale zem\u0159el a pomoc nikdy nep\u0159i\u0161la.<\/p>\n<p>To Byzantince naprosto demoralizovalo. Obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed se t\u00e1hlo \u0161est m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a nakonec bylo m\u011bsto muslimy dobyto v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 641. Tis\u00edce byzantsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f byly zabity nebo zajaty, zat\u00edmco jin\u00fdm se poda\u0159ilo uprchnout do Konstantinopole na lod\u00edch, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159ipraveny v p\u0159\u00edstavu. Utekli i n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed bohat\u00ed obchodn\u00edci.<\/p>\n<p>Jm\u00e9nem k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f po\u017e\u00e1dal alexandrijsk\u00fd patriarcha Cyrus o m\u00edr a jeho \u017e\u00e1dosti bylo vyhov\u011bno.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Pam\u00e1tky v Alexandrii<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Alexandrie byla perlou St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e a druh\u00fdm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem v Egypt\u011b a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e. B\u011bhem pobytu v Egypt\u011b byste si nem\u011bli nechat uj\u00edt nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed turistick\u00e9 atrakce v Alexandrii, jako jsou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Katakomby Kom el-\u0160uk\u00e1fa<\/li>\n<li>Pevnost Qaitbay<\/li>\n<li>Kom el-Dikka \u2013 \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd amfite\u00e1tr<\/li>\n<li>Pompey\u016fv sloup<\/li>\n<li>Alexandrijsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum<\/li>\n<li>Hrobky Mustafy Kamela<\/li>\n<li>Nekropole Shatby<\/li>\n<li>Anfushi hrobky<\/li>\n<li>Bibliotheca Alexandrina<\/li>\n<li>Serapeum<\/li>\n<li>Me\u0161ita Al Mursi Abu Al Abbas<\/li>\n<li>Komplex pal\u00e1ce Montazah<\/li>\n<li>Muzeum kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch klenot\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Cavafyho muzeum<\/li>\n<li>Mahm\u00fad Said muzeum<\/li>\n<li>V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 pam\u00e1tn\u00edky El Alamein<\/li>\n<li>Alexandrijsk\u00e9 podmo\u0159sk\u00e9 ruiny<\/li>\n<li>Most Stanley<\/li>\n<li>Kostel archand\u011bla Michaela koptsk\u00fd ortodoxn\u00ed patriarch\u00e1t<\/li>\n<li>Katedr\u00e1la svat\u00e9ho Marka<\/li>\n<li>Koptsk\u00fd ortodoxn\u00ed kostel svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed a svat\u00e9ho Anton\u00edna<\/li>\n<li>Koptsk\u00fd ortodoxn\u00ed kostel Panny Marie<\/li>\n<li>Koptsk\u00fd ortodoxn\u00ed kostel Abu sateen<\/li>\n<li>Kostel Velk\u00e9ho mu\u010dedn\u00edka Ji\u0159\u00edho a sv. \u0160enoudy koptsk\u00fd ortodoxn\u00ed patriarch\u00e1t<\/li>\n<li>Kostel blahoslaven\u00e9 Panny Marie a sv. \u0160imona Charraze Babuyousefa<\/li>\n<li>Synagoga Eliahu Hanavi<\/li>\n<li>Synagoga Menasce<\/li>\n<li>Pal\u00e1c Ras El-Tin<\/li>\n<li>Alexandrijsk\u00e9 akv\u00e1rium<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u017ei\u0161t\u011b Souq<\/li>\n<li>Pal\u00e1c Antoniades<\/li>\n<li>Katedr\u00e1la svat\u00e9 Kate\u0159iny<\/li>\n<li>Me\u0161ita El Nabi Daniel<\/li>\n<li>Mozaikov\u00e9 muzeum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Po\u010das\u00ed v Alexandrii<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Alexandrie se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed dlouh\u00fdm, tepl\u00fdm, vlhk\u00fdm, such\u00fdm a jasn\u00fdm l\u00e9t\u016fm. Zima je chladn\u00e1, such\u00e1, v\u011btrn\u00e1 a v\u011bt\u0161inou jasn\u00e1. B\u011bhem roku se teplota obvykle pohybuje od 10 \u00b0C do 30 \u00b0C a jen z\u0159\u00eddka kles\u00e1 pod 7 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p>Nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u011bs\u00edcem v roce v Alexandrii je <strong>leden<\/strong>, s pr\u016fm\u011brnou nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teplotou 13 \u00b0C a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed 18 \u00b0C. Naproti tomu <strong>srpen<\/strong> je nejteplej\u0161\u00edm m\u011bs\u00edcem v Alexandrii s pr\u016fm\u011brnou teplotou 26,5 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Kdy nav\u0161t\u00edvit Alexandrii<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>V Alexandrii panuje st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 klima s tepl\u00fdm l\u00e9tem a chladnou zimou. Nejlep\u0161\u00ed doba k n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b Alexandrie je <strong>na ja\u0159e od b\u0159ezna do \u010dervna<\/strong> a <strong>na podzim od z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed do listopadu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Kde se v Alexandrii naj\u00edst<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Byblos<\/li>\n<li>Sea Gull Restaurant<\/li>\n<li>Chicken Tikka<\/li>\n<li>Farag Abou Khaled<\/li>\n<li>Negro<\/li>\n<li>Fish Market Marina<\/li>\n<li>Abo Shakra<\/li>\n<li>Ibn Hamido<\/li>\n<li>Teatro Eskendria<\/li>\n<li>El Lol<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Nejlep\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsta no\u010dn\u00edho \u017eivota v Alexandrii<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Spitfire<\/li>\n<li>Eros<\/li>\n<li>Cap D&#8217;Or (Sheikh Ali)<\/li>\n<li>Sky Roof<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9j\u00e0 vu<\/li>\n<li>Calithea<\/li>\n<li>Monty Bar<\/li>\n<li>Mermaid<\/li>\n<li>The Kraken<\/li>\n<li>Jeeda<\/li>\n<li>Nefertiti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Nejlep\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsta na nakupov\u00e1n\u00ed v Alexandrii<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010ctvr\u0165 Souq<\/li>\n<li>Green Plaza Mall<\/li>\n<li>Deeb Mall<\/li>\n<li>Trh se staro\u017eitnostmi Attareen<\/li>\n<li>San Stefano Grand Plaza<\/li>\n<li>Zahran Mall<\/li>\n<li>Matajer Mall<\/li>\n<li>Souq Ibrahimia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Nejlep\u0161\u00ed pl\u00e1\u017ee a ostrovy v Alexandrii<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Cleopatra Beach<\/li>\n<li>Abu Qir, Aida Beach<\/li>\n<li>Bianchi Beach<\/li>\n<li>El Maamoura Beach<\/li>\n<li>Helnan Palestine Beach<\/li>\n<li>Montaza Beach<\/li>\n<li>Stanley Beach<\/li>\n<li>Tolip Beach<\/li>\n<li>Glime Beach<\/li>\n<li>San Stefano Beach<\/li>\n<li>Al Anfushi Beach<\/li>\n<li>Miami Beach<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Kde se v Alexandrii ubytovat?<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Luxusn\u00ed hotely<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Hilton Alexandria Corniche<\/li>\n<li>Four Seasons Hotel Alexandria<\/li>\n<li>Steigenberger Cecil Hotel<\/li>\n<li>Radisson Blu Hotel, Alexandria<\/li>\n<li>Alexandria Mediterranean Suites<\/li>\n<li>Sheraton Montazah Hotel<\/li>\n<li>Paradise Inn Le Metropole Hotel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Hotely st\u0159edn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Romance Alexandria Hotel<\/li>\n<li>Hilton Alexandria King&#8217;s Ranch<\/li>\n<li>Plaza Hotel<\/li>\n<li>Paradise Inn Windsor Palace Hotel<\/li>\n<li>The Grand Plaza Hotel Smouha<\/li>\n<li>San Giovanni Hotel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Hotely s n\u00edzk\u00fdm rozpo\u010dtem<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Cherry Maryski Hotel<\/li>\n<li>Alkadi Hotel<\/li>\n<li>Alexander The Great Hotel<\/li>\n<li>Miramar Boutique Hotel<\/li>\n<li>Fouad Hotel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alexandrie, Egypt: Fakta, historie, poloha a tipy pro cestovatele Alexandrie je m\u011bsto s bohatou histori\u00ed. Zalo\u017eil ji Alexandr Velik\u00fd, byla centrem k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed a nach\u00e1zela se zde jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch katedr\u00e1l sv\u00e9 doby. Poloha Alexandrie M\u011bsto le\u017e\u00ed na severu Egypta, asi 225 km severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od K\u00e1hiry, p\u0159\u00edmo na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e. Alexandrie se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na z\u00e1padn\u00edm<\/p>\n<div class=\"padding-top text-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/egytourpackages.com\/cs\/alexandrie-egypt-fakta-historie\/\" class=\"atbtn atbtn--medium atbtn--rounded atbtn--transparent\">&#8230;v\u00edce<i class=\"atbtn__icon atbtn__icon--right fa fa-long-arrow-right\"><\/i><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2692,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1088],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-cs"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Alexandrie | Nejlep\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsta k n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b v Alexandrii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Alexandrie | M\u011bsto le\u017e\u00ed na z\u00e1padn\u00edm okraji delty \u0159eky Nil. 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