Music and dance in ancient Egypt | Types of Ancient Egyptian Dance Music and dance in ancient Egypt played a significant role in daily life as they played a significant role in religious ceremonies. In this article, we will talk about our sources concerning the music and dance in ancient Egypt. Meanwhile, the musical instruments in ancient Egyptian civilization. Also, the role of the culture changes in shaping the music of ancient Egypt. Finally, the different types of vocal music in ancient Egypt. Our Sources about music and dance in ancient Egypt Pottery jar from the Predynastic Period, Naqada(4000-3200BC), female figures dancing with upraised arms Tomb dating to the end of the 4th Dynasty, Old Kingdom BASOR Tomb 183 at Beni Hassan, 12th Dynasty Beni Hassan tombs, Al Miya, Middle Kingdom, East bank of the Nile River The Tomb of Khety, son of Baqet in Al Minya The solar temple of Niuserra in Abu Ghurab, Old Kingdom Tutankhamun tomb, New Kingdom, Luxor Tomb of Nehmes Bastet, Valley of the Kings, Luxor west bank, 22nd Dynasty (945-712 B.C.), Third Intermediate Period The funerary chapel of Reia, 19th Dynasty Tomb of Nebamun, 1350 B.C, New Kingdom Tomb of the flutist Ipi in Dahshur from 2600 BCE Opet Festival scenes from the Red Chapel of Hatshepsut, Karnak Tutankhamen scenes in the Temple of Luxor Tombs of Nobles in the New Kingdom Gods and Goddesses connected to the music and dance in ancient Egypt Hathor However, the goddess of love, music, fun, and motherhood. She was always depicted as a woman with the two horns above her head and Sistrums in her hand. Osiris As a god of agriculture and fertility, was connected to the music and dance in ancient Egypt especially during the flood season. Bes Always portrayed as a dwarf with a
Music and dance in ancient Egypt | Types of Ancient Egyptian Dance Music and dance in ancient Egypt played a significant role in daily life as they played a significant role in religious ceremonies. In this article, we will talk about our sources concerning the music and dance in ancient Egypt. Meanwhile, the musical instruments
Medicine in ancient Egypt | The Art of Healing in ancient Egypt | Medical practice, Magic and religion Medicine in ancient Egypt and the medical practices come from medical papyri such as the Ebers papyrus, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Besides, the Hearst Papyrus, the London Medical Papyrus, and the tomb’s inscriptions and temple designs such as the Kom Ombo temple surgical instruments. Homer acknowledged in the Odyssey the following “In Egypt, men are more skilled in Medicine than any of humankind”. Also, on the walls of TT17, in the Valley of Nobles, the scribe, and doctor Nebamun from the 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom during the reign of Amenhotep II received a gift from a Syrian prince for his services. Meanwhile, Herodotus mentioned that King Cyrus of Persia has requested Amasis (Ahmose II of the 26th dynasty) to send him the most skillful of all the Egyptian eye doctors. Per Ankh (House of life) The oldest central institution in Kemet (Ancient Egypt). In other words, the oldest university in the world where people studied art, medicine, philosophy, and science. Doctors and mostly they were priests or scribes had to study few years in the Per Ankh to be a general doctor. This means each one treats one disease such as Otolaryngologist, Pediatrics, Dentist, and General internist. Overall and the most professional doctors were the doctor-healers and those who had to study for more years and practice more during their lifetime. Diseases in ancient Egyptian civilization Ancient Egyptians were not like the Sumerians and Babylonians saw the disease as a divine punishment. They saw death as the beginning of another everlasting life in the Duat so, they did their best to have two good life. They created a way to diagnose diseases and a way to treat them. What was the
Medicine in ancient Egypt | The Art of Healing in ancient Egypt | Medical practice, Magic and religion Medicine in ancient Egypt and the medical practices come from medical papyri such as the Ebers papyrus, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Besides, the Hearst Papyrus, the London Medical Papyrus, and the tomb’s inscriptions and temple designs
Spiritual Egypt | Egypt and the Chakras Spiritual Egypt, have you ever felt a sense of inexplicable energy flowing through your body, leaving you feeling invigorated and rejuvenated? This could be the result of your chakras, the energy centers located throughout your body, aligning and functioning properly. Chakras have been a fundamental concept in Eastern spiritual traditions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Yoga for thousands of years. These ancient practices believe that the human body is not just a physical entity but also an energy system that is connected to the mind, emotions, and spirit. In Eastern spiritual traditions, the chakras are believed to be spinning wheels of energy that regulate the flow of energy throughout the body. It is thought that there are seven main chakras in the body, each associated with different physical and emotional states. These chakras are located along the spinal column, starting from the base of the spine to the crown of the head. They are the root chakra, sacral chakra, solar plexus chakra, heart chakra, throat chakra, third eye chakra, and crown chakra. Eastern spiritual practices to Keep your chakras Aligned When these chakras are open and balanced, energy flows freely throughout the body, leading to physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. However, when the chakras are blocked or imbalanced, it can lead to physical and emotional problems. Eastern spiritual practices such as meditation, yoga, and crystal healing can help in balancing and aligning the chakras, promoting overall health and well-being. While the concept of chakras originates from Eastern spiritual traditions, it is also worth noting that ancient Egypt also had a rich history of spiritual practices and beliefs that share some similarities with the concept of chakras. In ancient Egypt, the emphasis was placed on the importance of certain parts of the body, such
Spiritual Egypt | Egypt and the Chakras Spiritual Egypt, have you ever felt a sense of inexplicable energy flowing through your body, leaving you feeling invigorated and rejuvenated? This could be the result of your chakras, the energy centers located throughout your body, aligning and functioning properly. Chakras have been a fundamental concept in Eastern
Anfushi tombs in Alexandria | Facts, History Greco-Roman Cemetery, Entrance Fees, opening hours, and more. Anfushi toms together with Mostafa Kamel tombs are among the most beautiful Ptolemaic tombs in Alexandria Egypt. The tombs were discovered starting from the year 1901 until 1921 AD. Alexandria was the capital of Egypt during the Greco-Roman era. That’s why we found many Greco-Roman monuments in Alexandria. The tombs of Anfushi are carved into the rock, dating back to the third century BC, about 250 BC. Anfushi toms are famous as rock-cut tombs and they are rich with colorful ceilings and walls, Egyptian graffiti, and pictures. Although the tombs were built on a smaller scale than the Catacombs at Kom al-Shoqafa. Anfushi tomb’s location Anfushi tombs in Alexandria were located once on Pharos Island. Moreover, in fact, the tombs lie a third of the way between the Palace of Ras al-Tin on the western point and Fort Qaitbay on the eastern point. The tombs of Anfushi Alexandria After the discovery of the first tomb in 1901, archeologists continued their discoveries till they found 5 tombs so far. Besides, tomb number 6 disappeared and does not exist anymore. Many of Anfushi tombs are painted to simulate alabaster and marble. They are decorated with pictures of Egyptian gods and daily life. Although out of these 5 tombs, there are two tombs number 2 &5 also distinguished by the presence of a number of beautiful inscriptions on their walls. Also, they are characterized by their wonderful and unique architectural design. Between two of these tombs, there is a large hall, which is reached through a wonderfully decorated staircase. The first funerary building contains two tombs 1st tomb of Anfushi cemetery This tomb has a unique burial chamber with a granite sarcophagus and a pharaonic entrance style design. Moreover,
Anfushi tombs in Alexandria | Facts, History Greco-Roman Cemetery, Entrance Fees, opening hours, and more. Anfushi toms together with Mostafa Kamel tombs are among the most beautiful Ptolemaic tombs in Alexandria Egypt. The tombs were discovered starting from the year 1901 until 1921 AD. Alexandria was the capital of Egypt during the Greco-Roman era. That’s why
Isis | Origin, Facts & Symbol | Goddess of love, magic, motherhood in ancient Egyptian history Who is Isis? Isis, the ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility, motherhood, and magic, was one of the most revered and powerful deities in ancient Egyptian religion. Known as the "Great of Magic," she was revered as a protector of the dead and a goddess of healing. Her cult spread throughout the ancient world, and she continues to be a powerful symbol of strength and compassion in modern culture. In this article, we will explore the mythology, origins, worship, symbolism, and artistic representations of the goddess Isis, and examine her enduring legacy in the world today. Mythology In ancient Egyptian mythology, Isis was the daughter of Geb, the god of the earth, and Nut, the goddess of the sky. She was also the sister of Osiris, the god of the afterlife, and Seth, the god of chaos. According to Osiris myth, Osiris was murdered by Seth, and Isis used her powers of magic to bring her brother husband back to life. This myth is significant because it connects Isis to the cycle of death and rebirth, and it also highlights her power as a goddess of magic. Isis was also closely associated with the Nile River, which was seen as the source of all life in ancient Egypt. It was believed that the annual flooding of the Nile was caused by the tears of Isis, which fertilized the land and brought new life. This connection to the Nile also made Isis a goddess of fertility and agriculture. Where did the goddess Isis originate? The origins of the goddess Isis are not well-documented, but it is believed that she was first worshipped in the predynastic period of Egypt, around 5000 BCE. Her cult grew in popularity
Isis | Origin, Facts & Symbol | Goddess of love, magic, motherhood in ancient Egyptian history Who is Isis? Isis, the ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility, motherhood, and magic, was one of the most revered and powerful deities in ancient Egyptian religion. Known as the “Great of Magic,” she was revered as a protector of
Saladin | Biography, Achievements, Crusades | Medieval Islamic Empire Saladin, also known as Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, was a Muslim military leader and statesman who lived in the 12th century. He is best known for his role in the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem during the Crusades and his reputation as a noble ruler. He was the first Muslim leader to unite the Muslim states of Egypt and Syria under one rule, and he is considered one of the greatest military leaders in Islamic history. Saladin's life and legacy have also had a lasting impact on the Middle East and the world, making him a significant figure in both Islamic and world history. His leadership, administration, and military strategies are studied even today as an example of an able and just ruler. Early Life of Saladin Saladin was born in Tikrit, Iraq in 1138, into a prominent Kurdish family with a long history of military service. His father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, was a respected warrior and officer in the court of the Seljuk Turks. Also, his uncle Shirkuh was an elite military leader under Imad al-Din Zangi, The ruler of Syria at that time. From a young age, Saladin trained in the art of war and joined an army commanded by his uncle Shirkuh, who served Zangi’s son and heir, Nur al-Din, on a military expedition to Egypt. In 1196, Saladin became the commander of Nur al-Din’s forces in Egypt. In 1171, after the death of the last Fatimid Caliphate, Saladin was appointed as the governor of Egypt. He quickly established himself as a capable leader and began to expand his territory. He was able to gain control of the Nile Delta and brought the cities of Cairo and Alexandria under his control. In late 1171, Saladin declared himself the
Saladin | Biography, Achievements, Crusades | Medieval Islamic Empire Saladin, also known as Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, was a Muslim military leader and statesman who lived in the 12th century. He is best known for his role in the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem during the Crusades and his reputation as a noble ruler. He
Dolphins In Egypt | Facts, Dolphin species in Egypt, Threats to dolphins, Dolphin watching Dolphins are beloved marine mammals known for their intelligence, playful behavior, and acrobatic abilities. In Egypt, these charismatic creatures can be found in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Gulf of Aqaba. Though their numbers have been on a decline due to various reasons such as overfishing, pollution, and loss of habitat. In Egypt, dolphins still hold a special place in the hearts of Egyptians. The ancient Egyptians viewed dolphins as sacred creatures, and they have been featured in hieroglyphics, artwork, and mythology. Today, dolphin-watching has become a popular tourist activity in Egypt, drawing visitors from all over the world to catch a glimpse of these fascinating animals in the wild. However, conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the survival of these animals for future generations to enjoy Dolphin species found in Egypt Egypt is home to two seven different species of dolphins such as the bottlenose dolphin, the Pantropical Spotted Dolphin, and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin. Besides Risso’s Dolphin, the humpback dolphin, Indopacific Bottlenose Dolphin, and the humpback dolphin. Although, there are three most common dolphins in Egypt the bottlenose dolphin, and finally the Spinner dolphin. The bottlenose dolphin, also known as Tursiops truncatus, is a common species found in coastal waters around the world. In Egypt, they can be found in El Gouna Hurghada, the Gulf of Suez, and the Gulf of Aqaba. These dolphins can grow up to 10-12 feet in length and weigh up to 1,100 pounds. They are easily recognizable by their gray or gray-brown color and the distinctive "beak" or snout that gives them their name. Bottlenose dolphins are very social animals and often travel in large groups. They are also very acrobatic and can
Dolphins In Egypt | Facts, Dolphin species in Egypt, Threats to dolphins, Dolphin watching Dolphins are beloved marine mammals known for their intelligence, playful behavior, and acrobatic abilities. In Egypt, these charismatic creatures can be found in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Gulf of Aqaba. Though their numbers
Amun | Origin, Significance, Facts | Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses God Amun, also known as Amen or Ammon, was one of the most important and powerful deities in ancient Egyptian religion and culture. He was considered the supreme god and was associated with the sun, air, and fertility during the New Kingdom of Egypt. Zeus for the Greeks, he is Amun for ancient Egyptians, god of gods. Throughout ancient Egyptian history, Amun's cult and worship played a significant role in the religious, political, and cultural of the Egyptian civilization. This article will explore the origins and early history of Amun, his role in ancient Egyptian religion, the rise and decline of his cult, and his influence on art and architecture. It will examine the various factors that contributed to the god's significant impact on ancient Egypt, and how his legacy continues to be studied and understood today. Origins and early history of Amun The origin of Amun, like many ancient Egyptian gods, is uncertain and debated by scholars. However, it is believed that Amun was originally a local god of the city of Thebes, in Upper Egypt. He was associated with the air and the sun and was considered a god of fertility and regeneration. Amun's name means "hidden" or "concealed" which reflects his mysterious and unknowable nature. In the early years of ancient Egyptian history, Amun was not one of the major gods of the pantheon, but as the city of Thebes grew in power and influence, so did the worship of Amun. He was eventually combined with the god Ra, the sun god, to form Amun-Ra, a powerful creator god who was believed to have brought the world into existence. As Amun-Ra gained popularity, his cult spread throughout Egypt. Thebes became the main center of his worship
Amun | Origin, Significance, Facts | Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses God Amun, also known as Amen or Ammon, was one of the most important and powerful deities in ancient Egyptian religion and culture. He was considered the supreme god and was associated with the sun, air, and fertility during the New Kingdom of Egypt.
King Sneferu | Life, Reign, Achievements, Facts, Legacy King Senefru, also known as Sneferu, was a powerful and influential pharaoh of ancient Egypt who reigned during the 4th dynasty, the Old Kingdom of Egypt. He is considered to be one of the most significant pharaohs of ancient Egypt and his reign marked a turning point in the history of the civilization. He expanded Egypt's territories and brought stability to the kingdom and initiated several building projects and architectural achievements that were considered to be engineering marvels. Pharoah Senefru was also the founder of the 4th dynasty and father of the famous pharaoh Khufu, known for building the Great Pyramid of Giza. His legacy in the history of ancient Egypt is truly remarkable and his impact is still felt to this day. This article will take a closer look at King Senefru's life, reign, achievements, and legacy, and how it has shaped the history of ancient Egypt. King Sneferu Early Life and Reign King Senefru, was the son of the pharaoh Huni and queen Meresankh I. He was born into a powerful family and was groomed from a young age to take the throne. During his ascension to the throne, the political climate of ancient Egypt was marked by power struggles and territorial conflicts. The King was able to navigate these challenges and consolidate his power through military campaigns and territorial expansion in Nubia, Lebanon, and Libya. During the early years of his reign, King Senefru led several military campaigns to expand Egypt's territories and bring stability to the kingdom. He also initiated several building projects and architectural achievements, including the construction of the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid, which were considered to be engineering marvels of their time. These early achievements established King Sneferu as a powerful and capable
King Sneferu | Life, Reign, Achievements, Facts, Legacy King Senefru, also known as Sneferu, was a powerful and influential pharaoh of ancient Egypt who reigned during the 4th dynasty, the Old Kingdom of Egypt. He is considered to be one of the most significant pharaohs of ancient Egypt and his reign marked a turning point
The God Osiris | Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses | Myth, Facts, Description, Symbols God Osiris is one of the most prominent gods in ancient Egyptian mythology and Pharaonic civilization. He has been revered for centuries as the god of the afterlife, the dead, and the underworld. This god of fertility and the annual flooding of the Nile was also considered the ruler of the afterlife and the judge of the dead. In ancient Egyptian society, belief in the god Osiris played a central role in religious beliefs and practices. Although, his cult was one of the most popular and enduring. Many temples were dedicated to Osiris, and his festivals were celebrated with great reverence, marking important events in the religious calendar. This article will delve deeper into the mythology of Osiris, his role in ancient Egyptian religion and culture, and his continued presence in modern culture. The Myth of Osiris The story of Osiris is one of the most well-known and enduring myths in ancient Egyptian mythology. According to the myth, Osiris was the firstborn son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut. He was the brother of Seth, Isis, and Nephthys. Besides, he is the father of Horus. Osiris was considered the ruler of the afterlife and the judge of the dead, in Ancient Egyptian belief. He was also associated with fertility and the annual flooding of the Nile River. The story goes that Osiris taught the Egyptians how to cultivate the land, build towns, and live in civilized communities. He also showed them the art of reading and writing, art of music, the art of medicine, and the art of religion. However, his brother Seth was jealous of Osiris's power and popularity and plotted to kill him. God Seth tricked Osiris into getting into
The God Osiris | Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses | Myth, Facts, Description, Symbols God Osiris is one of the most prominent gods in ancient Egyptian mythology and Pharaonic civilization. He has been revered for centuries as the god of the afterlife, the dead, and the underworld. This god of fertility and the annual flooding
The tombs of Nobles in the New Kingdom | Layout, locations, decorations The tombs of Nobles in the new Kingdom of Egypt are located in many places on the west bank of the Nile River in the Theban necropolis depending on the historical era. During the Old Kingdom The tombs of Nobles were in El Tarif, on the north side of the Theban Necropolis. This area was for the provincial governors of Waset (Luxor). From the 11th Dynasty The tombs of Nobles in the New Kingdom spread between El Tarif and Deir El Bahari. These tombs were built around the royal funerary complexes of Draa Abu El Naga and Deir El Bahari. These traditions last till the 17th Dynasty, Second Intermediate Period. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty The tombs of Nobles started to be in different places from the royal necropolis. Engineer Ineni of Thutmose I believe that the Pharaohs’ tombs should be in a separate place. Rules of digging a Noble tomb Digging a tomb for a Nobel man in ancient Egypt was subject to certain rules from the beginning of the 18th dynasty. The very top of Sheikh Abd El Gurna was dedicated to senior statesmen (High Officials). While the lower part of the same place was dedicated to the less-ranking officials. Sometimes we found two tombs for the same person, one at the bottom of the area and one at the top of the area. Historians thought that maybe the one at the bottom was when the owner was a young official and he became an important official, he dug another one at the top with the High Officials. Ramesside period, 19th Dynasty In the Ramesside Period, Nobles chose two places for their tombs in Sheikh Abd El Qura such as Pa Ser TT106. Besides, The south part
The tombs of Nobles in the New Kingdom | Layout, locations, decorations The tombs of Nobles in the new Kingdom of Egypt are located in many places on the west bank of the Nile River in the Theban necropolis depending on the historical era. During the Old Kingdom The tombs of Nobles were in El
Tomb of Sennefer | TT96 the tomb of the vineyards | Valley of Nobles Frankly speaking, if you are in Luxor and have time make sure you do not miss the tomb of Sennefer. Sennefer’s tomb is one of the most beautiful tombs in the Valley of Nobles on Luxor west bank. TT96 is known since the Greco-Roman era because of graffiti on the walls of the tomb. Here, you can see a different 18th Dynasty Nobles’ tomb style and part of the Egyptian civilization through the rich people. Besides, the importance of the ancient Egyptian religion in people’s life. The importance of the family in ancient Egypt in life and death. Who was Sennefer? Sennefer is one of the High Officials of the New Kingdom during the reign of Amenhotep II (1427-1400 BC), near the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty. He became the Mayor of Thebes when his cousin Amenemopet was the Vizier of Upper Egypt. Sennefer Titles during his lifetime Sen Nefer or the good brother carried many titles during his life under Amenhotep II. Here are some of them Mayor of the city (Thebes) Overseer of the Granaries of Amun Overseer of the Herds of Amun Overseer of the gardens of Amun First friend of the palace, the king Ear of the King of Lower Egypt Lord of Kus Where is Sennefer’s tomb located? The tomb of Sennefer is located on Luxor west bank in the Upper Enclosure of the Sheikh Abd el-Qurna district of the Theban Necropolis opposite Luxor in the valley of Nobles. When was the tomb of Sennefer found? The tomb of Sennefer was known since antiquity. We know for sure that Englishman Robert Hay visited the tomb in 1826. Robert Hay copied the scenes of the tomb which is now in the British
Tomb of Sennefer | TT96 the tomb of the vineyards | Valley of Nobles Frankly speaking, if you are in Luxor and have time make sure you do not miss the tomb of Sennefer. Sennefer’s tomb is one of the most beautiful tombs in the Valley of Nobles on Luxor west bank. TT96 is known
Alessandria: Fatti, Storia, Posizione La città di Alessandria vanta una ricca storia; non solo fu fondata da Alessandro Magno, ma fu anche uno dei principali fari del Cristianesimo e ad un certo punto ospitò una delle più grandi cattedrali. Posizione di Alessandria La città si trova nella parte settentrionale dell'Egitto, a circa 225 km a nord-ovest del Cairo, direttamente sul Mar Mediterraneo. La città di Alessandria si estende sul bordo occidentale del delta del Nilo. La sua posizione si estende per 32 km lungo la costa del Mar Mediterraneo, dal Palazzo di El Montazah a El Corniche, e termina a ovest al Castello di Qaitbay. Per mille anni, Alessandria fu la capitale dell'Egitto durante i periodi Tolemaico, Romano e Bizantino, fino alla conquista araba nel 641 d.C., quando la capitale ufficiale divenne la città di Fustat. Fatti su Alessandria Alessandria è la seconda città più grande dell'Egitto dopo il Cairo. La città ha una popolazione di 5 milioni di persone su una superficie di 2.679 km². Fu costruita da Alessandro Magno stesso nel 332 a.C. È la quarta città più grande del mondo arabo e la nona area urbana più grande dell'Africa. È il più grande porto marittimo dell'Egitto e il centro di gran parte della sua attività marittima. Un tempo ospitava una delle Sette Meraviglie del Mondo Antico, il Faro di Faro. La Cittadella di Qaitbay è costruita nello stesso sito del famoso faro sulla costa del Mar Mediterraneo. La leggendaria Biblioteca di Alessandria era la più grande e famosa del suo tempo. Gli abitanti del luogo la chiamano la "Sposa del Mediterraneo". Questa città divenne il principale centro della civiltà ellenica durante la dinastia tolemaica. La tomba o Catacomba di Kom Al Shoqafa è considerata una delle Sette Meraviglie del Medioevo e l'ultimo luogo di riposo di una
Alessandria: Fatti, Storia, Posizione La città di Alessandria vanta una ricca storia; non solo fu fondata da Alessandro Magno, ma fu anche uno dei principali fari del Cristianesimo e ad un certo punto ospitò una delle più grandi cattedrali. Posizione di Alessandria La città si trova nella parte settentrionale dell’Egitto, a circa 225 km a
Alexandria, facts, history, location Alexander city has a rich history; not only was Alexandria founded by ‘Alexander the Great but also was one of the leading beacons of Christianity and had one of the biggest Cathedrals at some time. Alexandria location The city is located in the northern part of Egypt, some 225 km to the northwest of Cairo directly on the Mediterranean Sea. The city of Alexandria lies at the western edge of the Nile River delta. Alexandria's location extends 32 km on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea from El Montazah Palace to El Corniche and ends west at the Qaitbay Castle. For one thousand years, Alexandria served as the capital of Egypt during the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine until the Arab conquest in 641 AD when the official capital became the city of Fustat. Alexandria Facts Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt after Cairo The city has a population of 5 million people on a 2,679 km² It was built by Alexander the Great himself in 332 BC The fourth-largest city in the Arab world, and the ninth-largest urban area in Africa Egypt’s largest seaport and the center of much of its maritime activity Once, it had One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Pharos Lighthouse The Citadel of Qaitbay is built on the same site as the popular lighthouse on the sea coast of the Mediterranean The legendary Library of Alexandria was the biggest and the most famous in its time Locals call it the 'Bride of Mediterranean This city became the Hellenic Civilization's major center during the Ptolemaic dynasty. Kom Al Shoqafa tomb or Catacomb is treated as the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages and the Greek Noble family's final resting place. Roman Amphitheatre in the city contains a
Alexandria, facts, history, location Alexander city has a rich history; not only was Alexandria founded by ‘Alexander the Great but also was one of the leading beacons of Christianity and had one of the biggest Cathedrals at some time. Alexandria location The city is located in the northern part of Egypt, some 225 km to
Early Dynastic Period of Egypt | Thinite Period What is the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt? The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, also known as the Thinite Period, refers to the period in ancient Egyptian history from about 3150–2650 BC. This was the era in which Egypt became a united country under the rule of one king and a centralized government. The Archaic period in Egyptian history immediately followed the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, c. 3150 BC. This Thinite Period comprised the first two dynasties of ancient Egyptian history, during which many of the major aspects of ancient Egyptian culture, and society emerged. The Archaic Period is characterized by the emergence of the kingdoms as a political unit, the development of an alphabet, and the rise of literature and art. Why it is called the Thinite Dynasty? The Early Dynastic Period is called Thinite Period because it originated in the south of Egypt in Thinis city. The Thinis city is supposed to be the city of the kings of the Archaic Period near Abydos in Sohag. How long did the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt last? The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt lasted from about 3150 to 2650 BCE, some 500 years. This period was characterized by the development of writing, which was used to record laws, religious texts, and other important information. What was the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt famous for? The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt is most famous for the construction of Mastabas with sun-dried bricks. The gods such as God Horus and God Seth became widespread in Egypt The writing system was developed especially in the second Dynasty during the Peribsen era. The capital of the united Egypt moved from Thinis to Memphis in lower Egypt. Kings of the first dynasty were buried
Early Dynastic Period of Egypt | Thinite Period What is the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt? The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, also known as the Thinite Period, refers to the period in ancient Egyptian history from about 3150–2650 BC. This was the era in which Egypt became a united country under the rule of
Peribsen | Ancient Egyptian History Who was the Pharoah Peribsen? King Peribsen was an ancient Egyptian Pharoah of the Second Dynasty, Early Dynastic Period. His predecessor was Ninetjer and his successor was Khasekhemwy, the builder of Shunet El Zebib. Peribsen Family Until now, we have no idea about the Peribsen family or wives but most probably he was not from the royal family. According to some historians, Peribsen leads a coup to overthrow the sitting king. He is most known for changing with the royal tradition of associating himself with the god Horus and instead putting God Seth, the jackal, on top of his Serekh. There was a political and religious conflict between the followers of Horus and Seth for many years. In other words, there was a civil war between Upper and Lower Egypt and Peribsen made an obvious political statement about it by changing his name and supporting Seth against Horus. Pharoah Royal titulary We found 3 names for the Pharoah Peribsen and seems he changed the Egyptian traditions of that time by replacing God Seth instead of Horus in his Horus name. Horus name Sekhemib means the power of the heart Seth Peribsen Seth, the one who has come forth from them Nebty Name Sekhemib Per-en-maat The two ladies, powerful of heart, who has come forth from the cosmological order" Throne name Peribsen Facts about Peribsen Peribsen ruled Egypt for about seventeen years He was the first king to write his name on a cartouche in Saqqara King Peribsen has a tomb P in Abydos at Umm El Qaab square building without any side chambers There is a seal for the Pharoah in National Museums Liverpool One seal made out of clay was found in a tomb in Beit Khallaf in Upper Egypt A Granite stele was
Peribsen | Ancient Egyptian History Who was the Pharoah Peribsen? King Peribsen was an ancient Egyptian Pharoah of the Second Dynasty, Early Dynastic Period. His predecessor was Ninetjer and his successor was Khasekhemwy, the builder of Shunet El Zebib. Peribsen Family Until now, we have no idea about the Peribsen family or wives but most
Opet Festival in ancient Egypt | New Kingdom of Egypt | Egyptian Festivals What is the Opet Festival? The Opet Festival was one of the most important religious festivals in ancient Egypt, especially during the New Kingdom in Thebes. It was an annual festival during which the sacred barks of the triad of Thebes, Amun, Mut, and Khonsu journeyed from Karnak to Luxor and back since the 18th Dynasty. According to some, the Opet Festival continued into the Roman and the Coptic Period. What is the most important festival in Egypt? Ancient Egyptian history is very rich with feasts and celebrations since the beginning of history. For example, the Saqqara complex has a huge place where they were celebrating the Heb Sed Festival. Meanwhile, during the New Kingdom of Egypt when Luxor was the capital, we found a lot of their feast during that time. During the Greco-Roman era, temples such as Esna, Edfu, Kom Ombo, and Philae still keep a lot of these feasts decorating their walls. Surprisingly, the Palermo stone dates back to 2500 BC and mentioned many of these feasts. Feats in ancient Egypt varied from religious to political feasts allowing all people to share both rich and poor. In fact, one of the most important feasts in the past was the Opet Festival together with the beautiful feast of the Valley. Meanwhile, they have much more feasts like gods’ feasts such as Min Festival, Sokar Festival, Bastet, Hathor, and Isis. The Purpose of the Opet Festival? The purpose of this festival was to give energy to the Netjer—divine power—and to reestablish the pharaoh’s divine right to rule. Queen Hatshepsut who ruled Egypt as a Pharaoh during 1473–1458 BC) is believed to have been the first to develop and celebrate the Opet Festival. During her reign, the
Opet Festival in ancient Egypt | New Kingdom of Egypt | Egyptian Festivals What is the Opet Festival? The Opet Festival was one of the most important religious festivals in ancient Egypt, especially during the New Kingdom in Thebes. It was an annual festival during which the sacred barks of the triad of Thebes, Amun,
The Lighthouse of Alexandria | Location, History, Facts, Destruction The Pharos of Alexandria also called the lighthouse of Alexandria together with the Giza Pyramids were two of the old seven wonders of ancient times. Giza Pyramid still standing while the lighthouse of Alexandria was destroyed. Alexandria itself was one of 17 cities founded by the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. Most of these 17 cities disappeared, but Alexandria in Egypt thrived for many centuries and is prosperous even today. After the death of Alexander in 323 BC and before he finished the city, his general Ptolemy Soter, the new ruler of Egypt completed the city. As soon as the city was finished, it became very rich and prosperous. Ptolemy built the Pharos to guide the trade ships to the harbor. It was the first lighthouse in the world and the second tallest building after the Great Pyramid. The idea of this lighthouse was the beginning of establishing a number of other lighthouses in the Mediterranean, such as the port of "Portus" in Italy and La Coruña in Spain. Where is the lighthouse of Alexandria? The Pharos of Alexandria was at the entrance of the eastern harbor on the south part of Pharos Island. The lighthouse was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the prototype of all subsequent lighthouses. What is the meaning of the word Pharos? The word Pharos means beacon or lighthouse to guide sailors and it was considered a technological triumph. When Alexandria Lighthouse was constructed? The work was begun under Ptolemy I Soter and was not finished until the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Ptolemy II inaugurated the building after 12 years in 282 BC and held a festival to honor his parents. Who was the Architect of the Lighthouse
The Lighthouse of Alexandria | Location, History, Facts, Destruction The Pharos of Alexandria also called the lighthouse of Alexandria together with the Giza Pyramids were two of the old seven wonders of ancient times. Giza Pyramid still standing while the lighthouse of Alexandria was destroyed. Alexandria itself was one of 17 cities founded by the
Mamluks | History, Leaders, Architecture & Decline In this article, we will talk in brief about the history of Egypt during the Mamluk era between 1250 to 1517 in which Egypt was ruled by Mamluks. We will mention who were the Mamluks. How they became rulers of Egypt? How they defeated the Mongols and the Crusaders? and how did the Mamluke state decline? Who are the Mamlukes? Mamluks were imported slaves by the Ayyubid’s rulers, mostly of Turkish or Caucasian stock, who were destined for a military career. The plan was to bring the Mamluks from non-Islamic countries. While they were mostly children who were raised according to strict rules in military barracks isolated from the outside world to guarantee their complete loyalty to the ruler. The Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad brought the Mamluks in the ninth century. After that, they were trained in the cavalry after their conversion to Islam to become soldiers and a force supporting the army under the direct leadership of the ruler. Some of them were appointed to high-command positions in the state, and they were the main reason behind the recruitment of the Mamluks is avoiding the recruitment of tribal members who are loyal and obedient to the leaders of their tribes. Later on, the Mamelukes’ influence increased until they were able to seize power in the year 1250 AD. Egypt was under the control of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi in 1169 AD, and the Mamluks were then part of the army in addition to the Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen, and others. This is to protect against a coup by members of the Ayyubid family and also to protect against attacks by the Crusaders. Saleh Ayoub died after 9 years of ruling over Egypt during the period 1240-1249 AD. Then, a struggle flared up between the
Mamluks | History, Leaders, Architecture & Decline In this article, we will talk in brief about the history of Egypt during the Mamluk era between 1250 to 1517 in which Egypt was ruled by Mamluks. We will mention who were the Mamluks. How they became rulers of Egypt? How they defeated the Mongols and the
Sultan Hassan | Sultan of Egypt | Mameluke Period An-Naser Badr al-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1334/35–17 March 1361), better known as an-Naser Hassan, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, and the seventh son of an-Naser Muhammad Ibn Qalawun to hold office, reigning twice in 1347–1351 and 1354–1361. He assumed power after his brother Al-Muzaffar Zain Al-Din Haji Bin Al-Nasser Muhammad, and after him, his brother Al-Nasser Badr Al-Din assumed power for the second time. Birth and upbringing Sultan Hassan was born in the year 1335 AD and grew up in the house of a king and a sultan. His father, Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawun was the ruler of the brightest periods of the Mamluk state, in which the state reached the peak of its strength and glory. and God willing, the young newborn will witness six years of his father’s prosperous rule, as he died in the year 1340 AD. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawun was succeeded by six of his sons, one of whom could hardly settle on the king until he is dismissed or killed and another took charge until it was the turn of Al-Nasser Hasan. So, he assumed the sultanate on 18th of December 1347 CE. a young boy who has no control over anything, little experience, and poor ability to confront princes and elders and manage matters. Co-regent The matter was being managed by the two princes, Manjik and his brother, "Bibgaars", and Sultan Hassan became like the one who was interdicted. unable to act, and fate wanted the second year of his rule to witness the emergence of an epidemic that intensified in Egypt and killed hundreds of thousands. Historians mention that he was dying in Egypt between ten thousand to fifteen thousand per day, and the pits were dug and
Sultan Hassan | Sultan of Egypt | Mameluke Period An-Naser Badr al-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1334/35–17 March 1361), better known as an-Naser Hassan, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, and the seventh son of an-Naser Muhammad Ibn Qalawun to hold office, reigning twice in 1347–1351 and 1354–1361. He assumed power after his brother
Khasekhemwy (2610–2593 BC) | Egypt History Who was the Pharoah Khasekhemwy? King Khasekhemwy was the last king of the Second Dynasty after Peribsen according to the Abydos King List, Saqqara King List, and Royal Canon of Turin. Khasekhemwy Family King Khasekhemwy married Queen Nimaathap who carried the title of mother of the King’s Children. They were king Djoser’s wife Hetephernebti and the parents of his successors Sekhemkhet and Sanakhte. Khasekhemwy Royal titulary From the beginning of the Old Kingdom onwards, each king had five names made up of his name. These titularies were announced at the coronation when a pharaoh officially became king. Khasekhemwy was the last king of the Thinite Dynasty or the Early Dynastic Period which is before the Old Kingdom. So far, we found only three titularies for him. Horus name Kha sekhem (some believe he had a similar predecessor with a very similar name or maybe there are the same person) The powerful one has appeared Kha sekhem wy The powerful ones have appeared Kha sekhemwy hetep netjerwy imef The two powerful ones have appeared, the two lords being satisfied with him Nebty Name Kha sekhemwy hetep netjerwy imef The two powerful ones have appeared, the two lords being satisfied with him Throne name Bebety Facts about Khasekhemwy Khasekhemwy was the last King of the 2nd Dynasty of ancient Egyptian history during the Early Dynastic Period. The King ruled Egypt according to some for 30 years or 18 years He was the successor of Peribsen Some believe the king changed his name from Khasekhem to Khasekhemwy after he put down various rebellions. The only one decorated his Serekh with the God Horus and The God Seth. His name means "The Two Powerful Ones appear" He fights the northern enemies in the city of Nekheb (Hierakonpolis) To
Khasekhemwy (2610–2593 BC) | Egypt History Who was the Pharoah Khasekhemwy? King Khasekhemwy was the last king of the Second Dynasty after Peribsen according to the Abydos King List, Saqqara King List, and Royal Canon of Turin. Khasekhemwy Family King Khasekhemwy married Queen Nimaathap who carried the title of mother of the King’s Children. They
Kom El Sultan Abydos | Egypt History Where is Kom El Sultan? Kom El Sultan Abydos is located on the west bank of the Nile River near the modern Egyptian towns of El Araba El Madfuna and El Balyana. Kom El Sultan in Abydos to the east of the Shunt El Zebib archeological area in Abydos. Also, to the northeast of Ramses II temple and Menmaatre Seti I temple in Abydos. What is Kom El Sultan? Kom El Sultan in Abydos Egypt is a huge place near Osiris temple and it has ruins from three different eras. It has a huge mudbrick structure from the predynastic period, a few shrines from the Middle Kingdom, and ruins of a stone temple from the New Kingdom. How to reach Kom El Sultan from Abydos? Once you are visiting modern Al-ʿArābā al-Madfūnah village or the Abydos temple for king Seti I and his son Ramesses II, you need to purchase a ticket. To reach Kom El Sultan, you need to purchase a different ticket from the same place but you will be joined by a policeman and an inspector to the Kom El Sultan area. Kom El Sultan is about 2 KM to the northeast of the Ramses II temple and 500m to the east of the Shunet El Zebib area where they found the only statue for Cheops, the builder of the Great Pyramid. Although, you can reach the area by walking or by car as it takes 20 minutes to walk. Who discovered Kom El Sultan? Since Emile Amelino discovered the royal tombs in Umm El Qa’ab between 1885 to 1899 and Flinder Petrie completed the excavation in the area between 1899-1901, a lot of tombs were discovered besides animal cemeteries. Al the discoveries date back to the early Dynastic Period
Kom El Sultan Abydos | Egypt History Where is Kom El Sultan? Kom El Sultan Abydos is located on the west bank of the Nile River near the modern Egyptian towns of El Araba El Madfuna and El Balyana. Kom El Sultan in Abydos to the east of the Shunt El Zebib archeological area in
Shunet El Zebib Abydos | History, Facts, and conservation Where is Shunet El Zebib? Shunet El Zebib is located in Abydos to the West of the Kom El Sultan archeological area in Abydos. Also, to the northwest of Ramesses II temple and Menmaatre Seti I temple in Abydos. Who built Shunet El Zebib? The ancient Egyptian pharaoh Khasekhemwy from the Second Dynasty built Shunet El Zebib around 2700 BC. Khasekhemwy was the last king buried at Umm el-Qa'ab at Abydos and later on, king Sneferu from the 3rd Dynasty will move the burial place to Saqqara. How to reach the Shuneh from Abydos? Once you are visiting the Abydos temple for king Seti I and his son Ramesses II, you need to purchase a ticket that allows you to visit the temple and Ramses II temple to the north of it. To reach Shunet El Zebib, you need to purchase a different ticket from the same place but you will be joined by a policeman and an inspector to the area. The Shuneh is about 2 KM to the northwest of the Ramses II temple and 500m to the west of Kom El Sultan area where they found the only statue for Cheops, the builder of the Great Pyramid. Although, you can reach the area by walking or by car as it takes 20 minutes to walk. Who discovered Umm el-Qa'ab? Umm El Qa’ab is the burial place for all the kings of the 1st Dynasty and the last 2 kings of the 2nd Dynasty. Emile Amelino was the first one who discovered the royal tombs in Umm El Qa’ab between 1885 to 1899. Flinder Petrie completed the excavation in the area between 1899-1901 and he was lucky to discover many tombs. Later on, archaeologists Edward Navi and Eric Pitt
Shunet El Zebib Abydos | History, Facts, and conservation Where is Shunet El Zebib? Shunet El Zebib is located in Abydos to the West of the Kom El Sultan archeological area in Abydos. Also, to the northwest of Ramesses II temple and Menmaatre Seti I temple in Abydos. Who built Shunet El Zebib? The ancient
The Red Chapel of Hatshepsut in Karnak temple Luxor Egypt Facts, History, Layout | Architectural Design, inscriptions & decorations and more about Egypt Temples in Open-Air Museum Karnak. One of the top tourist attractions is the Red Chapel of Hatshepsut at the Open-Air Museum, Karnak temple, Luxor. We will introduce in briefly About Hatshepsut and why she is very famous in ancient Egyptian History. Meanwhile, her red chapel at Karnak has a very unique Barque shrine and it is so important. All Egypt tour packages or Nile Cruises include Karnak temple in the itinerary. However, Egypt tours, and Luxor Tours from Hurghada and Marsa Alam include the temple as a source of information about the Ancient Egyptian civilization during the New Kingdom. Who was Pharoah Hatshepsut? Hatshepsut was the fifth Pharoah of the eighteenth dynasty of ancient Egyptian history. Meanwhile, one of the most successful Egyptian Pharaohs such as Ramesses II, Thutmose III, and Akhenaten. Queen Hatshepsut was the daughter of Pharoah Thutmose I with his royal wife Ahmose and half-sister of Pharoah Thutmose II. Hatshepsut’s name means Foremost of Noble Ladies. Although, she is the only female character who ruled Egypt for a very long time almost 23 years. Together with two more Great Female Rulers of Ancient Egypt Merneith (2nd dynasty) and Sobekneferu (12th dynasty). Hatshepsut was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh after Sobekneferu. Queen Hatshepsut has a very nice tomb in the Valley of the Kings KV 20 as a Pharoah and is believed by many Egyptologists to have been the oldest in the Valley of the Kings. Meanwhile, Hatshepsut added parts to Luxor temple, and her temple at Deir El Bahari together with her Obelisks are among Karnak highlights. How to get to the Red Chapel of Hatshepsut? If you are visiting the Karnak temple,
The Red Chapel of Hatshepsut in Karnak temple Luxor Egypt Facts, History, Layout | Architectural Design, inscriptions & decorations and more about Egypt Temples in Open-Air Museum Karnak. One of the top tourist attractions is the Red Chapel of Hatshepsut at the Open-Air Museum, Karnak temple, Luxor. We will introduce in briefly About Hatshepsut and
Mustafa Kamel Necropolis Alexandria | The Pharaonic Monuments in Alexandria Egypt | Egyptian history during the Greco -Roman era Opening Hours, Tours, Tickets, and Information about Mostafa Kamel Necropolis Alexandria was the capital of Egypt for more than 600 years starting from 323 BC till 300 AD during the Greco-Roman era. So, it is noteworthy that Alexandria includes the largest group of antiquities remaining from the Greco-Roman era in Egypt. Mustafa Kamel Necropolis address & location Al Moaaskar Al Romani, Mustafa Kamel WA Bolkli, Sidi Gaber, Alexandria Governorate. The location is in Roushdy (west of Stanley Bridge). As you are heading towards the Corniche from the tram track the entrance is on the left. When Mostafa Kamel's necropolis was discovered? The director of the Greco-Roman Museum in Alexandria Achile Adriani discovered the necropolis in 1933. He discovered them when they were preparing to make a football field, at that time, four tombs were discovered in two types. Adriani did hard work to reconstruct the necropolis and transform the site into its current state. Adriani found 6 tombs of which only 4 still preserved now and none of them were intact like most of the Pharaonic tombs get robbed. Mostafa Kamel’s necropolis is one of the most remarkable examples of Hellenistic funerary architecture in the Mediterranean. The tombs are Ptolemaic tombs that date from the 3rd to the 1st century BC but seem to have remained in use during the Roman era also. The tombs are all of the similar sizes and each one is unique compared to all the other Hellenistic tombs. Mostafa Kamel’s tombs consist of four tombs carved into the rock. While two of them were carved beneath the surface of the earth and the other two were partially raised above the surface of the earth. The best
Mustafa Kamel Necropolis Alexandria | The Pharaonic Monuments in Alexandria Egypt | Egyptian history during the Greco -Roman era Opening Hours, Tours, Tickets, and Information about Mostafa Kamel Necropolis Alexandria was the capital of Egypt for more than 600 years starting from 323 BC till 300 AD during the Greco-Roman era. So, it is noteworthy
Ben Ezra synagogue Cairo, Egypt | El Geniza Synagogue Ben Ezra Synagogue is one of the largest and most important Jews Synagogues in Cairo, Egypt. The Synagogue is famous for its Geniza found in the 19th century and contained a treasure of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic manuscripts. What is the function of the synagogue? The synagogue for the Jews similar to the mosques for the Muslims and Churches for Christians, a place space for worship and prayer. in Judaism, a community house of worship that serves as a place not only for liturgical services but also for assembly and study. Where is Ben Ezra Synagogue? Ben Ezra Synagogue, referred to as El Geniza Synagogue is located in Old Cairo on Mar Girgis Street behind the Coptic Museum and near the Church of Saint Sergius and Bacchus. The Synagogue has an interesting mix of history, as the site was originally a church and then converted into a synagogue a century ago. What was the Ben Ezra synagogue? Once the Synagogue was a Coptic Church belonging to the Hanging Church but Ahmed Ibn Tulun forced the Christians to pay 20000 gold dinars in annual taxes. Patriarch Mikhail III the 56 Pope sold it to the Jews to be able to pay the taxes. As a consequence, Abraham Ben Ezra, who came from Jerusalem during Ahmed Ibn Tulun's reign, bought the church for 20,000 dinars. Jews believe that the prophet Moses lived in the area or in other words it is the place where baby Moses was found. When Ben Ezra Synagogue was built? The construction date of the Ben Ezra Synagogue is not known, but there is evidence from some documents found in Geniza that it dates back to 882 C.E and most probably pre-Islam. Ben Ezra Synagogue Cairo Egypt layout First
Ben Ezra synagogue Cairo, Egypt | El Geniza Synagogue Ben Ezra Synagogue is one of the largest and most important Jews Synagogues in Cairo, Egypt. The Synagogue is famous for its Geniza found in the 19th century and contained a treasure of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic manuscripts. What is the function of the synagogue? The
The temple of Ramesses III at Karnak Luxor | Barque Chapel of Ramesses III The location of the temple of Ramesses III The temple of Ramesses III is located inside Karnak temple on Luxor east bank of the Nile River. Barque Chapel of Ramesses III was built in the large open court lying between the first unfinished Pylon of Nectanebo I (380-362 BC) and the second pylon of Horemheb (1323- 1295 BC). Who is Ramesses III? Ramesses III was the second Pharoah of the 20th dynasty of the new Kingdom of ancient Egyptian history. His father Pharoah Seth Nakht founded the dynasty and Ramesses III followed him. King Ramesses III is considered the last great Egyptian Pharoah king after Ramesses II and Thutmose III. Meanwhile, three of his sons will rule Egypt later under the names Ramses IV, Ramses VI, and Ramses VIII. He led numerous military campaigns to defend Egypt’s borders against the Sea People, the Syrians, and the Euphrates people. Pharoah Ramesses III built Habu temple, KV 11 in the Valley of the Kings, besides his addition to Karnak temple and Luxor temple. Why the temple of Ramesses III was built? Ramesses III built this small temple following the pattern of the Egyptian temples and at his temple, the second Pylon was the end of the temple. King Seti II built his triple Barque Shrines to the north of the second Pylon. So, Ramesses III built his shrines to the south of the second Pylon as a resting place for the holy barques of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu. Probably, he wanted to store the Barques in a place carrying his name as Taharqa will do the same after that when he built the Taharqa kiosk in the open court. Who was the triad of Luxor? The triad of
The temple of Ramesses III at Karnak Luxor | Barque Chapel of Ramesses III The location of the temple of Ramesses III The temple of Ramesses III is located inside Karnak temple on Luxor east bank of the Nile River. Barque Chapel of Ramesses III was built in the large open court lying between the
Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, Egypt | Plan, History, Facts About Al-Rifa'i Mosque The Mosque of Al-Rifa'i Location Al-Rifa'i Mosque is located in Salah al-Din Square in the historic district of Cairo, Egypt. The mosque faces Sultan Hasan Mosque and Madrasa. Actually, it is separated from the mosque of Sultan Hassan by a pedestrian street and it is very close to the Citadel. Who built Al-Rifa'i Mosque? Khoshyar Hanem, the mother of Khedive Ismail ordered the mosque to be built in 1869 to contain the tombs of the royal families of Egypt. When Al-Rifa'i Mosque was built? The construction of the Al-Rifai Mosque began in 1869, almost 500 years after the Sultan Hassan Mosque, which was established in 1359. Why Al Rifai mosque was built? Khoshyar Hanim made a vow because of her son Ismail’s illness and the debt crisis that Egypt was going through at the time, to build a mosque. It happened that the financial crisis passed in peace and her son Ismail recovered. The mosque was established in 1869 AD, but she died before it was completed in 1905 AD, then Khedive Abbas completed the construction in 1912 AD Why did the mosque call Al Rifai mosque? On the site of the Al-Rifa’i Mosque, there was a mosque called Zakhira Al-Mulk built in the Fatimid Era. Then turned into a (Zawia) for Sheikh Ali Abu Shabak, who is the grandson of Imam Al-Rifa’i. His grave is located in the mosque now, and from it, the mosque took its name. After the establishment of the mosque, the name was attributed to Sheikh Al-Sayyid Ahmed Al-Rifa’i, who is buried in Iraq. until the mother of Khedive Ismail Khoshyar Hanim ordered the mosque to be built. Meanwhile, we still do not know why she chooses that place for building the mosque.
Al-Rifa’i Mosque in Cairo, Egypt | Plan, History, Facts About Al-Rifa’i Mosque The Mosque of Al-Rifa’i Location Al-Rifa’i Mosque is located in Salah al-Din Square in the historic district of Cairo, Egypt. The mosque faces Sultan Hasan Mosque and Madrasa. Actually, it is separated from the mosque of Sultan Hassan by a pedestrian street and
