History Of Ancient Egyptians | Ancient Egyptian Civilization
The history of ancient Egyptians started as far as the early Paleolithic period. Egypt existed first then the history started. When we talk about the history of ancient Egypt, we talk about one of the oldest civilizations on earth.
Ancient Egypt history was one of the greatest and most powerful in the world. It spanned thousands of years from about 3000 B.C. until the Roman era in 30 B.C.E. Learn more about the history of ancient Egyptians from the Prehistoric era, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.
Like all the country, Egyptian history had ups and downs but overall the Egyptian Pharaohs kings achieved great civilization last for thousands of years. They built Pyramids, they dug tombs in the mountain in the Valley of the Kings, they built temples in Luxor and Aswan.
The history is about what the female Pharaohs did and what the male Pharaohs did and how they kept the order and protect the country. It shows how they were so advanced in medicine, agriculture, music and dance.
Karnak temple Complex The Karnak temple complex is located on the east bank of the Nile River at Thebes, North of Luxor. The temple is considered one of the greatest cult temples, dedicated to the triad of Thebes Amun, Mut and Khonsu. It was used to celebrate ancient Egyptian festivals especially Opet Festivals. In fact, the temple comprises a vast mix of temples, pylons, chapels, and other buildings. Constructing the temple began during the reign of Senusret I 1971-1925 BCE in the Middle Kingdom till the Ptolemaic Kingdom 305-30 BCE. But most of its building now dates back to the New Kingdom 1550-1080 BCE. The importance of the Karnak temples The Karnak temple complex is very important record for ancient Egyptian history and civilization since the Middle Kingdom until the Greco Roman Period. Actually, each ruler was very careful to have his own addition to Karnak temple such as Chapel, Pylon, Obelisk to commemorate his name. but, the Kings of the New Kingdom and onwards insisted to have their own buildings at temple of the supreme god Amun. The Names of Karnak The temple was known by various names through ancient times such as Pr Imn, Means the house of Amun and seems it was the name of the temple even before Senusert as it was found on a stele date back to Intef the second from the 1thdynasty Niswt Tawy, means the throne of the two lands symbolizing the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt Ipt Swt, means the most selected of places and it was known from Senusert the first because it was written on the walls of his white chapel at Karnak open air Museum. Pr Hr Sa Ta which means the sky above earth dates back to the Ptolemaic period But the word Karnak may be
Karnak temple Complex The Karnak temple complex is located on the east bank of the Nile River at Thebes, North of Luxor. The temple is considered one of the greatest cult temples, dedicated to the triad of Thebes Amun, Mut and Khonsu. It was used to celebrate ancient Egyptian festivals especially Opet Festivals. In fact,
Esna temple | Facts, History | Egyptian Monuments Esna temple is one of the 6 majors of the Graeco-Roman Period (ca. 332 BCE - 350 CE) together with Philae temple, Kom Ombo, Edfu. Dendera, and Athribis. In fact, one of the best things to do in Luxor is visiting Esna temple. The temple has many unique features and, in this article, we clear the nomination of the city, the temple and the exceptional features found here. We have many gods were worshipped side by side in the temple and the only representation for the emperor Septimius Severus and his family. Esna Location Esna city is located 58 km south of Luxor midway between Luxor and Edfu and it is famous with Esna Lock. Nomination of Esna city The city was the capital of the third Nome of upper Egypt and it had many names during the history Iwnt means Heliopolis of Esna god Ta Snt(i) means the seat of goddess Neith Sni was the name in Coptic Esna is the Arabic pronunciation of the Coptic word T3 Hnt means the foremost of the earth Latopolis in the Greco Roman Period means the town of the Lates fish (sacred fish of goddess Neith). Goddess Neith was described in Esna as the one who change her figure into the fish shape. The Names of the temple Hwt B3w means the temple of souls Hwt It the temple of the father and her the father is Khnum Moreover, Hwt Mut means the temple of the mother and they mean Neith Also, Hwt Hnmu means the temple of Khnum Esna Deities Esna temple was consecrated mainly for two gods Khnum and Neith Khnum had two wives Menhit the lioness headed deity Nebetu like a leady with Hathoric crown two horns and the sun disc in
Esna temple | Facts, History | Egyptian Monuments Esna temple is one of the 6 majors of the Graeco-Roman Period (ca. 332 BCE – 350 CE) together with Philae temple, Kom Ombo, Edfu. Dendera, and Athribis. In fact, one of the best things to do in Luxor is visiting Esna temple. The temple has many unique
Festivals in ancient Egypt | Heb Sed Festival | Opet Festival | Osiris Festivals Festivals in ancient Egypt | Facts and the history of the most celebrated ones from the oldest to the newest during the Greco Roman Period. According to many sources especially Kom Ombo temple, the Egyptian calendar was divided into three seasons taking the shape of the lioness headed woman. The season were names as following Akhet, The flood season Peret, sowing and growth season Shemu, the harvest season Every season was divided into 4 months and the month was 30 days exactly total 360 days. Then, they added 5 extra days to celebrate the birth of the 5 gods Osiris, Horus, Seth, Isis, and Nephthys. Till now we talk in general because the ancient Egyptians had a lot of festival periodic holidays. Some believe that they had almost 282 public holidays yearly. Moreover, historians mentioned agriculture holidays, seasonal holidays, and family holidays. Besides, some occasions happy or sad like feasts of death and born were also celebrated. Now we will concentrate on the most important Festivals in ancient Egypt till the Greco-Roma era. Heb Sed Festival Before we talk About one of the most important festivals and oldest festivals in ancient Egypt, we have to mention that the Pharaoh has to maintain law and order. Meanwhile, he had to protect the country against enemies, ensure prosperity for the country. Besides, his crucial role in religious rituals and ceremonies. Also, the king was a divine figure and he was considered the son god on earth or sometimes as a god like Ramesses the great in Abu Simbel temple. Moreover, his mission went far even after his death in the afterlife. He was responsible in the afterlife as he was in the first life. Now the question is,
Festivals in ancient Egypt | Heb Sed Festival | Opet Festival | Osiris Festivals Festivals in ancient Egypt | Facts and the history of the most celebrated ones from the oldest to the newest during the Greco Roman Period. According to many sources especially Kom Ombo temple, the Egyptian calendar was divided into three seasons
Best Things to do in Cairo | Best Places to Visit in Giza Best Things to do in Cairo | Discover the top tourist attractions, Museums, Sightseeing and the best time to visit and best activities you can do. Facts About Cairo Before we talk about the best things to do in Cairo, we will give a quick hint to the present Cairo city and the difference between Cairo and the Great Cairo. Far from the historical capital such as Memphis to the south of the present Cairo. Cairo now dates back to 641 AD when the fourth Fatimid caliph, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah established the city as a capital for the Fatimid Dynasty. The New Capital was to the north of the previous three Islamic Capitals of al-Fustat, al-‘Askar, al-Qata’i because of strategic location. Right now, Cairo is the Capital of Egypt and the biggest city in Africa and middle east. The city now has more than 12 million of people and it’s bordered by Giza to the west, Qalyubia and the Nile Delta to the north while south by the desert. Cairo was known with many names such as Al-Qahirah means The Victorious, The City of a Thousand Minarets due to the mosques everywhere in the city. Moreover, The Mother of the World and Misr same name like the country name in Arabic. Finally, we have to differentiate between Cairo the capital of Egypt on the east bank of the Nile River with 20 million of people and the Great Cairo consists of Cairo, Giza, and Qalyubia. Best things to do in Cairo and the best places to visit Cairo is very rich in history and modern places you can visit. In this article we will shed light on top Cairo tourist attractions. Meanwhile, we will try to follow
Best Things to do in Cairo | Best Places to Visit in Giza Best Things to do in Cairo | Discover the top tourist attractions, Museums, Sightseeing and the best time to visit and best activities you can do. Facts About Cairo Before we talk about the best things to do in Cairo, we will
Best Things to do in Hurghada | Things to do in 2025 Before we provide the best things to do in Hurghada, the top tourist attractions, and the best activities during your Egypt Tour Packages. Let’s talk about the city itself. Hurghada is the capital of the Red Sea Governorate and it is famous for its beaches, coastline, hotels, and diving sites. When we talk about Cairo, we talk about the Pyramids, the Great Sphinx and a lot of Islamic and Coptic sights. Same when we talk about Luxor, we talk about Tutankhamun tomb, Valley of the Kings, Valley of Nobles and Karnak temple. But when we talk about Hurghada, we talk about year-round welcoming air, white sand beaches, crystal clear water, Red Sea coral reef, and dive sites. Other activities include desert Safari, snorkeling Mahmyia, Orange Bay Island, Paradise Island, Giftun Island. Besides, a lot of landmarks such as Coptic Church, Marina Mosque, Fish Market, Hard Rock, and Bazaars. During your Egypt Holiday Packages, you can discover the ancient Egyptian Civilization, ancient Egyptian Pharaohs, and ancient Egyptian history when doing day tour to Luxor or Cairo. Now we will provide detailed information about the best things to do in Hurghada during the day and night. Meanwhile, the places you should not miss in this amazing city. Hurghada snorkeling & Diving trips Hurghada offers various full day snorkeling & diving trips to explore the Marine life of the Red Sea, Red Sea fish, and Red Sea corals. Here are some of the best snorkeling trips you can book Full day snorkeling trip at Paradise Island Full day diving trip in Hurghada Orange Bay Island snorkeling trip Snorkeling trip to Giftun Island Dolphin house snorkeling day Desert Safari trip from Hurghada Hurghada offers not only amazing beaches and water activates but also desert
Best Things to do in Hurghada | Things to do in 2025 Before we provide the best things to do in Hurghada, the top tourist attractions, and the best activities during your Egypt Tour Packages. Let’s talk about the city itself. Hurghada is the capital of the Red Sea Governorate and it is famous for
Ankh Egyptian Key of Life The Ankh or Key of Life is one of the oldest symbols of ancient Egypt together with the Eye of Horus, the Scarab, and the Died Pillar. Key of life or Ankh is known in ancient Egypt since the Early dynastic Period and it continued as an important sign during the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New kingdom especially during the Amarna era. Unfortunately, King Horemheb did his best to erase everything relate to Akhenaten and his era from the Egyptian history. Later on, the Ankh became the Christian cross and it is worn by Christians. The Ankh played rule in life and after life in ancient times and we will discuss some of the meaning plus the spiritual meaning of the Ankh nowadays. Names of the Ankh Key of Life Key of the Nile The Origin of Ankh The origin of the Ankh is not known till now but it was found on the walls on the Pharaonic tombs and Nobles tombs since the beginning of the ancient Egyptian history. How the Ankh looks like We have many opinions concerning how it looks like According to some the Ankh is like parts, bottom part like the letter T-shape and the upper part ends with a loop. Others believe that the long part representing the Nile River and the circle at the top representing the Delta in the north of Egypt Third opinion think that the Ankh sign is very similar to the sandal strap with the top loop going around one's feet Fourth opinion it is representing the knot of Isis when she was pregnant to cover her belly so Seth won’t know and kill the baby as he killed the dad Osiris. Fifth may the vertical part of the Ankh sign representing the
Ankh Egyptian Key of Life The Ankh or Key of Life is one of the oldest symbols of ancient Egypt together with the Eye of Horus, the Scarab, and the Died Pillar. Key of life or Ankh is known in ancient Egypt since the Early dynastic Period and it continued as an important sign during
Rekhmire tomb TT100 | 18th Dynasty | Valley of the Nobles | Luxor West Bank | Best Things to do in Luxor Rekhmire was a well-known character during the 18 Dynasty, New Kingdom of ancient Egypt. In that time, there were two Viziers to help the Pharoah one for the north and one for the south. The vizier of the south was Rekhmire during the reign of Thutmose III and part of the reign of Amenhotep. TT 100 is very unique tomb as it takes the design of the converted letter T and the ceiling of the long corridor is 8 meters high in some places. Besides, the unique wall takes about the Duties of the Vizier in that time. One of the best things to do in Luxor if you have time is to visit the tomb of Rekhmire together with the tomb of Sennefer with one ticket. Where is the tomb of Rekhmire? Like all the Nobles of the New Kingdom, they dug their tombs on the west bank in Luxor starting from Deir El Medina till the entrance to the Valley of Kings. TT 100 or the tomb of Rekhmire is located on the top of Sheikh Abd El Qurna hillside facing the Ramesseum temple of Ramesses II. Names of Rekhmire tomb The tomb is called by the owner’s name Rekhmire tomb Another name is TT100 in the Theban necropolis Who was Rekhmire? He was the vizier of the south of Egypt under Thutmose III and part of the reign of Amenhotep. Rekhmire followed his uncle Ouseramon as a vizier The Vizier of the south in Hatshepsut era was User and Rekhmire was his Nephew His father Neferuben was one of the strongest characters in Egypt in that time His mother’s name was Bet The wife’s name
Rekhmire tomb TT100 | 18th Dynasty | Valley of the Nobles | Luxor West Bank | Best Things to do in Luxor Rekhmire was a well-known character during the 18 Dynasty, New Kingdom of ancient Egypt. In that time, there were two Viziers to help the Pharoah one for the north and one for the
Mummification in ancient Egypt | Facts, Process, Tools Mummification in Ancient Egyptian civilization was a must for everyone who can afford it. In this article we will cover as much as we know about mummification in ancient Egypt. When mummification started? Why? What tools they used during mummification? Mummification process according the finding inside Anubis shrine found in Tutankhamun tomb. Why Ancient Egyptians mummified their bodies? We know for sure that the ancient Egyptians believed in afterlife and preserving the body or mummifying the body will help the person to be alive again. Egyptians believed the most important 3 parts of a human were Body, Ba (Soul), and Ka (identical figure of the person). When a human was born, his Ba and Ka were born with him and when he dies, his Ba will go to the sky to live with the good souls and his Ka will stay in the tomb with the body. Meanwhile, to be a live again, the Ba should recognize the body and the Ka to reunite. So, it was very important to mummify people. When did mummification start in ancient Egypt? When the ancient Egyptians started to believe in after life since the Predynastic period as we found in Abydos in the tomb of Peribsen and Shunet El Zebib, they buried their bodies under sand. For our good luck, sun and sand kept some of these bodies in perfect condition but they were not created the process of mummification as we will know later. The practice of mummifying the bodies dates back to the Old Kingdom for the royal members first then became more widespread between whoever can afford the costly process. When ancient Egyptians started the mummification of the body? Ancient Egyptians started the mummification of the body as soon as the person
Mummification in ancient Egypt | Facts, Process, Tools Mummification in Ancient Egyptian civilization was a must for everyone who can afford it. In this article we will cover as much as we know about mummification in ancient Egypt. When mummification started? Why? What tools they used during mummification? Mummification process according the finding inside Anubis
Sabil-Kuttab of Um Mohamed Ali Al-Sagir Cairo | history, facts, description The Sabil-Kuttab of Um Mohamed Ali Al-Sagir Cairo is one of about 300 Sabils were standing one day in Egypt. Sabils were charitable water fountains combined with Quranic schools known as Kuttab. In this article, we will explain about the history and the facts about one of the Ottoman Sabils and the Islamic architecture. Where is the Sabil-Kuttab of Um Mohamed Ali Al-Sagir? The Sabil (charitable water fountain) is located behind Al-Fath Mosque near Ramesses Square and at the beginning of El Gomhoureya street in downtown Cairo. When the Sabil-Kuttab of Um Mohamed Ali Al-Sagir was built? The Sabil-Kuttab of Um Mohamed Ali Al-Sagir was built in 1869 The purpose of building the Sabil of Um Mohamed Ali Al Sagir The purpose of building the Sabils in general were to supply water for free communities and passersby. Ziba Kaden built that sabil to be dedicated to the soul of departed loved son and to be Sadaqah jariyah. The Mamluk sultans were the first to take care of building the Sabils, and gave them their care, and endowed them with extensive endowments. Sultan Qaitbay decided that the water should be fresh and from the Nile, and must be available throughout the year, summer and winter, especially in the summer when water consumption increases. The Mamluk sultan Al Ghory ordered to pass one thousand dirhams monthly to buy fresh water from the blessed water of the Nile, distributed evenly throughout the days of the month. Moreover, the Sabils were not only to water the people but the animals also. The Mamluk era knew many endowed water basins to water the animals. The Oldest Sabil in Egypt? The oldest Sabil till now in Cairo is for Al-Nasser Muhammad ibn Qalawun which is
Sabil-Kuttab of Um Mohamed Ali Al-Sagir Cairo | history, facts, description The Sabil-Kuttab of Um Mohamed Ali Al-Sagir Cairo is one of about 300 Sabils were standing one day in Egypt. Sabils were charitable water fountains combined with Quranic schools known as Kuttab. In this article, we will explain about the history and the facts
The Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa Alexandria, Egypt | History, Facts, Descriptions The Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa Alexandria is one of top tourist attractions and it is considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. This Catacomb is the oldest one in the world before the Italian catacombs of Rome. Meanwhile, Alexandria Catacombs are unique as it is a mixture of ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architectural styles. Where is the Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa? The Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa is located in Alexandria, Egypt in the district of Karmouz south of the neighborhood Mena El Basel area near Pompey’s Pillar. Who built the Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa? It is not known for sure who built the Catacomb till now even though we found the statue of the owner and his wife in its burial chamber but without names. Most probably it was for a rich family during the Roman Period, and some believed that it was for the governor of Alexandria during the 2nd century AD. Why it was called Kom El Shoqafa? The word Kom el Shoqafa means "Mound of Shards" or "Potsherds Hill" in Arabic. In the Roman era, the visitors to the Catacomb often eat and drink wine inside the tomb. Later on, they broke the containers and terracotta jars and through them outside the catacomb’s entrance. At the time of the discovery, they found hills of these jars on the site. When the Catacomb was discovered? The Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa was first discovered in 1892 by the locals but the head of the Italian mission Giuseppe Botti working in the area thought it was a Christian cemetery and he did not pay attention to the local words. In 1900, Alexandria Catacomb was rediscovered but this
The Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa Alexandria, Egypt | History, Facts, Descriptions The Catacomb of Kom El Shoqafa Alexandria is one of top tourist attractions and it is considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. This Catacomb is the oldest one in the world before the Italian catacombs of Rome.
Best Things to do in Luxor | Luxor Tourist Attractions | Egyptian Temples | Pharaonic Tombs In this article, we will provide the best things to do in Luxor, the top attractions, and the best activities to do in Luxor during your Egypt Tour Packages. If Cairo has the Pyramids, Luxor has the tomb of Tutankhamun and Karnak temple. Luxor city is a world heritage site since 1979 and it is home to some of the world's most impressive ancient Egyptian temples and Pharaonic tombs. The city of Luxor was the Capital of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and the final resting place for the Egyptian Pharaohs during the New Kingdom. Thebes, the modern Luxor was the capital of the Egyptian Empire during the 18th, 19th, and 20th Dynasties. During your Egypt Holiday Packages, you can discover the ancient Egyptian Civilization, ancient Egyptian Pharaohs, and ancient Egyptian history. Now we will provide detailed information about the best things to do in Luxor on the east bank of the Nile River and the West bank of the Nile. Meanwhile, the places you should not miss in this amazing city during the day or at night. Best Things to do in Luxor | Luxor East Bank Karnak temple The temple of Karnak in Luxor, Egypt is the largest temple in the world on the east bank of the Nile River. The complex is one of the top tourist attractions in Luxor and was built over a period of 2,000 years. Although, it was dedicated to the god Amun, His wife goddess Mut and their son god Khonsu. Meanwhile, the temple is a great source of ancient Egyptian history during the New Kingdom. It provides us with what we call Karnak Kings List In the southwest corner of The Festival Hall of Thutmose
Best Things to do in Luxor | Luxor Tourist Attractions | Egyptian Temples | Pharaonic Tombs In this article, we will provide the best things to do in Luxor, the top attractions, and the best activities to do in Luxor during your Egypt Tour Packages. If Cairo has the Pyramids, Luxor has the tomb of
The vizier in ancient Egypt | vizier's installation and duties In this article we will talk abut the Vizier in ancient Egypt and his power, rank, influence, and history. Egypt has a special geographical form, so it demanded careful administration. If administration was not good, it was difficult to maintain a centralized control over the whole land. the position of the vizier first appeared in the texts found in the tombs of the nobles and royal burials of the 1st dynasty especially a person called Hamaka, the minister of the king DEN. Who was the vizier in ancient Egypt? The vizier in ancient Egypt was the second position of the social pyramid after the king and the was the equivalent of the modern-day prime minister. Who was the first vizier of Egypt? According to our information, the first one who carried that title was Hamaka from the early dynastic period. Perhaps the most famous vizier during the Old Kingdom was Imhotep of the Pharaoh Djoser. Also, Imhotep the builder of the first Pyramid, the Step Pyramid and was later considered a god. Who could be a vizier? It was known that Pharaohs in ancient Egypt married many women but one of the them was the chief wife, daughter of a king and a queen. The sons from the chief wife will be the future kings but the sons from the secondary wives will be viziers, head of workers, scribes to make their mothers happy. We can say that during the 4th Dynasty, viziers were exclusively the sons of kings from the secondary wives but from the 5th dynasty the situation changed. We have some historical proves that a vizier became a king such as Amenemhat I who was the vizier of Mentuhotep IV and the first Pharaoh of the 12th
The vizier in ancient Egypt | vizier’s installation and duties In this article we will talk abut the Vizier in ancient Egypt and his power, rank, influence, and history. Egypt has a special geographical form, so it demanded careful administration. If administration was not good, it was difficult to maintain a centralized control over the
Agriculture in ancient Egypt | Farming tools, Crops, Festivals Since antiquity, agriculture in ancient Egypt was the milestone in the Egyptian civilization. Egypt was divided into two parts, north and south or Upper and Lower Egypt. Also, we know for sure that Lower Egypt was a more fertile area, and agriculture practices began in the Predynastic Period between 6000 -3150 BC after they domesticated animals. We know a lot about agriculture from the scenes decorating the walls of the tombs of the Nobles in Saqqara, Aswan, and Luxor west bank areas. The ancient Egyptian civilization was based basically on farming and producing their own food and clothes enabling them to build Pyramids and tombs. Ancient Egyptians created agriculture tools to help them and believed in gods and goddesses connected to agriculture and they had agriculture festivals. Here are some of the important features of agriculture and the Egyptian farming year. Ancient Egyptian Year | Ancient agriculture Calendar Ancient Egyptians divided the year into 3 seasons Akhet, Peret, and Shemu. Akhet was the flood season and which lasts from June to September, while Peret was the growing season that lasts between October and February. Finally, Shemu was the harvest season and they made bread from wheat, beer from barely, and linen cloth from flax. How did the Nile River play a role in ancient Egyptian agriculture? The Nile River played a great role in ancient Egyptian agriculture. Nile flood every year brought rich soil that was perfect for growing crops. Meanwhile, The floodplain was the only area where agriculture was possible in ancient Egypt because the rest of the land was mostly desert. They used canals and dikes to control the Nile flood and prevent flooding. Also,They used basin irrigation systems to make sure the water reached the soil. Besides, they
Agriculture in ancient Egypt | Farming tools, Crops, Festivals Since antiquity, agriculture in ancient Egypt was the milestone in the Egyptian civilization. Egypt was divided into two parts, north and south or Upper and Lower Egypt. Also, we know for sure that Lower Egypt was a more fertile area, and agriculture practices began in the
Music and dance in ancient Egypt | Types of Ancient Egyptian Dance Music and dance in ancient Egypt played a significant role in daily life as they played a significant role in religious ceremonies. In this article, we will talk about our sources concerning the music and dance in ancient Egypt. Meanwhile, the musical instruments in ancient Egyptian civilization. Also, the role of the culture changes in shaping the music of ancient Egypt. Finally, the different types of vocal music in ancient Egypt. Our Sources about music and dance in ancient Egypt Pottery jar from the Predynastic Period, Naqada(4000-3200BC), female figures dancing with upraised arms Tomb dating to the end of the 4th Dynasty, Old Kingdom BASOR Tomb 183 at Beni Hassan, 12th Dynasty Beni Hassan tombs, Al Miya, Middle Kingdom, East bank of the Nile River The Tomb of Khety, son of Baqet in Al Minya The solar temple of Niuserra in Abu Ghurab, Old Kingdom Tutankhamun tomb, New Kingdom, Luxor Tomb of Nehmes Bastet, Valley of the Kings, Luxor west bank, 22nd Dynasty (945-712 B.C.), Third Intermediate Period The funerary chapel of Reia, 19th Dynasty Tomb of Nebamun, 1350 B.C, New Kingdom Tomb of the flutist Ipi in Dahshur from 2600 BCE Opet Festival scenes from the Red Chapel of Hatshepsut, Karnak Tutankhamen scenes in the Temple of Luxor Tombs of Nobles in the New Kingdom Gods and Goddesses connected to the music and dance in ancient Egypt Hathor However, the goddess of love, music, fun, and motherhood. She was always depicted as a woman with the two horns above her head and Sistrums in her hand. Osiris As a god of agriculture and fertility, was connected to the music and dance in ancient Egypt especially during the flood season. Bes Always portrayed as a dwarf with a
Music and dance in ancient Egypt | Types of Ancient Egyptian Dance Music and dance in ancient Egypt played a significant role in daily life as they played a significant role in religious ceremonies. In this article, we will talk about our sources concerning the music and dance in ancient Egypt. Meanwhile, the musical instruments
Medicine in ancient Egypt | The Art of Healing in ancient Egypt | Medical practice, Magic and religion Medicine in ancient Egypt and the medical practices come from medical papyri such as the Ebers papyrus, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Besides, the Hearst Papyrus, the London Medical Papyrus, and the tomb’s inscriptions and temple designs such as the Kom Ombo temple surgical instruments. Homer acknowledged in the Odyssey the following “In Egypt, men are more skilled in Medicine than any of humankind”. Also, on the walls of TT17, in the Valley of Nobles, the scribe, and doctor Nebamun from the 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom during the reign of Amenhotep II received a gift from a Syrian prince for his services. Meanwhile, Herodotus mentioned that King Cyrus of Persia has requested Amasis (Ahmose II of the 26th dynasty) to send him the most skillful of all the Egyptian eye doctors. Per Ankh (House of life) The oldest central institution in Kemet (Ancient Egypt). In other words, the oldest university in the world where people studied art, medicine, philosophy, and science. Doctors and mostly they were priests or scribes had to study few years in the Per Ankh to be a general doctor. This means each one treats one disease such as Otolaryngologist, Pediatrics, Dentist, and General internist. Overall and the most professional doctors were the doctor-healers and those who had to study for more years and practice more during their lifetime. Diseases in ancient Egyptian civilization Ancient Egyptians were not like the Sumerians and Babylonians saw the disease as a divine punishment. They saw death as the beginning of another everlasting life in the Duat so, they did their best to have two good life. They created a way to diagnose diseases and a way to treat them. What was the
Medicine in ancient Egypt | The Art of Healing in ancient Egypt | Medical practice, Magic and religion Medicine in ancient Egypt and the medical practices come from medical papyri such as the Ebers papyrus, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Besides, the Hearst Papyrus, the London Medical Papyrus, and the tomb’s inscriptions and temple designs
Spiritual Egypt | Egypt and the Chakras Spiritual Egypt, have you ever felt a sense of inexplicable energy flowing through your body, leaving you feeling invigorated and rejuvenated? This could be the result of your chakras, the energy centers located throughout your body, aligning and functioning properly. Chakras have been a fundamental concept in Eastern spiritual traditions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Yoga for thousands of years. These ancient practices believe that the human body is not just a physical entity but also an energy system that is connected to the mind, emotions, and spirit. In Eastern spiritual traditions, the chakras are believed to be spinning wheels of energy that regulate the flow of energy throughout the body. It is thought that there are seven main chakras in the body, each associated with different physical and emotional states. These chakras are located along the spinal column, starting from the base of the spine to the crown of the head. They are the root chakra, sacral chakra, solar plexus chakra, heart chakra, throat chakra, third eye chakra, and crown chakra. Eastern spiritual practices to Keep your chakras Aligned When these chakras are open and balanced, energy flows freely throughout the body, leading to physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. However, when the chakras are blocked or imbalanced, it can lead to physical and emotional problems. Eastern spiritual practices such as meditation, yoga, and crystal healing can help in balancing and aligning the chakras, promoting overall health and well-being. While the concept of chakras originates from Eastern spiritual traditions, it is also worth noting that ancient Egypt also had a rich history of spiritual practices and beliefs that share some similarities with the concept of chakras. In ancient Egypt, the emphasis was placed on the importance of certain parts of the body, such
Spiritual Egypt | Egypt and the Chakras Spiritual Egypt, have you ever felt a sense of inexplicable energy flowing through your body, leaving you feeling invigorated and rejuvenated? This could be the result of your chakras, the energy centers located throughout your body, aligning and functioning properly. Chakras have been a fundamental concept in Eastern
Anfushi tombs in Alexandria | Facts, History Greco-Roman Cemetery, Entrance Fees, opening hours, and more. Anfushi toms together with Mostafa Kamel tombs are among the most beautiful Ptolemaic tombs in Alexandria Egypt. The tombs were discovered starting from the year 1901 until 1921 AD. Alexandria was the capital of Egypt during the Greco-Roman era. That’s why we found many Greco-Roman monuments in Alexandria. The tombs of Anfushi are carved into the rock, dating back to the third century BC, about 250 BC. Anfushi toms are famous as rock-cut tombs and they are rich with colorful ceilings and walls, Egyptian graffiti, and pictures. Although the tombs were built on a smaller scale than the Catacombs at Kom al-Shoqafa. Anfushi tomb’s location Anfushi tombs in Alexandria were located once on Pharos Island. Moreover, in fact, the tombs lie a third of the way between the Palace of Ras al-Tin on the western point and Fort Qaitbay on the eastern point. The tombs of Anfushi Alexandria After the discovery of the first tomb in 1901, archeologists continued their discoveries till they found 5 tombs so far. Besides, tomb number 6 disappeared and does not exist anymore. Many of Anfushi tombs are painted to simulate alabaster and marble. They are decorated with pictures of Egyptian gods and daily life. Although out of these 5 tombs, there are two tombs number 2 &5 also distinguished by the presence of a number of beautiful inscriptions on their walls. Also, they are characterized by their wonderful and unique architectural design. Between two of these tombs, there is a large hall, which is reached through a wonderfully decorated staircase. The first funerary building contains two tombs 1st tomb of Anfushi cemetery This tomb has a unique burial chamber with a granite sarcophagus and a pharaonic entrance style design. Moreover,
Anfushi tombs in Alexandria | Facts, History Greco-Roman Cemetery, Entrance Fees, opening hours, and more. Anfushi toms together with Mostafa Kamel tombs are among the most beautiful Ptolemaic tombs in Alexandria Egypt. The tombs were discovered starting from the year 1901 until 1921 AD. Alexandria was the capital of Egypt during the Greco-Roman era. That’s why
Isis | Origin, Facts & Symbol | Goddess of love, magic, motherhood in ancient Egyptian history Who is Isis? Isis, the ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility, motherhood, and magic, was one of the most revered and powerful deities in ancient Egyptian religion. Known as the "Great of Magic," she was revered as a protector of the dead and a goddess of healing. Her cult spread throughout the ancient world, and she continues to be a powerful symbol of strength and compassion in modern culture. In this article, we will explore the mythology, origins, worship, symbolism, and artistic representations of the goddess Isis, and examine her enduring legacy in the world today. Mythology In ancient Egyptian mythology, Isis was the daughter of Geb, the god of the earth, and Nut, the goddess of the sky. She was also the sister of Osiris, the god of the afterlife, and Seth, the god of chaos. According to Osiris myth, Osiris was murdered by Seth, and Isis used her powers of magic to bring her brother husband back to life. This myth is significant because it connects Isis to the cycle of death and rebirth, and it also highlights her power as a goddess of magic. Isis was also closely associated with the Nile River, which was seen as the source of all life in ancient Egypt. It was believed that the annual flooding of the Nile was caused by the tears of Isis, which fertilized the land and brought new life. This connection to the Nile also made Isis a goddess of fertility and agriculture. Where did the goddess Isis originate? The origins of the goddess Isis are not well-documented, but it is believed that she was first worshipped in the predynastic period of Egypt, around 5000 BCE. Her cult grew in popularity
Isis | Origin, Facts & Symbol | Goddess of love, magic, motherhood in ancient Egyptian history Who is Isis? Isis, the ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility, motherhood, and magic, was one of the most revered and powerful deities in ancient Egyptian religion. Known as the “Great of Magic,” she was revered as a protector of
Saladin | Biography, Achievements, Crusades | Medieval Islamic Empire Saladin, also known as Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, was a Muslim military leader and statesman who lived in the 12th century. He is best known for his role in the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem during the Crusades and his reputation as a noble ruler. He was the first Muslim leader to unite the Muslim states of Egypt and Syria under one rule, and he is considered one of the greatest military leaders in Islamic history. Saladin's life and legacy have also had a lasting impact on the Middle East and the world, making him a significant figure in both Islamic and world history. His leadership, administration, and military strategies are studied even today as an example of an able and just ruler. Early Life of Saladin Saladin was born in Tikrit, Iraq in 1138, into a prominent Kurdish family with a long history of military service. His father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, was a respected warrior and officer in the court of the Seljuk Turks. Also, his uncle Shirkuh was an elite military leader under Imad al-Din Zangi, The ruler of Syria at that time. From a young age, Saladin trained in the art of war and joined an army commanded by his uncle Shirkuh, who served Zangi’s son and heir, Nur al-Din, on a military expedition to Egypt. In 1196, Saladin became the commander of Nur al-Din’s forces in Egypt. In 1171, after the death of the last Fatimid Caliphate, Saladin was appointed as the governor of Egypt. He quickly established himself as a capable leader and began to expand his territory. He was able to gain control of the Nile Delta and brought the cities of Cairo and Alexandria under his control. In late 1171, Saladin declared himself the
Saladin | Biography, Achievements, Crusades | Medieval Islamic Empire Saladin, also known as Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, was a Muslim military leader and statesman who lived in the 12th century. He is best known for his role in the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem during the Crusades and his reputation as a noble ruler. He
Amun | Origin, Significance, Facts | Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses God Amun, also known as Amen or Ammon, was one of the most important and powerful deities in ancient Egyptian religion and culture. He was considered the supreme god and was associated with the sun, air, and fertility during the New Kingdom of Egypt. Zeus for the Greeks, he is Amun for ancient Egyptians, god of gods. Throughout ancient Egyptian history, Amun's cult and worship played a significant role in the religious, political, and cultural of the Egyptian civilization. This article will explore the origins and early history of Amun, his role in ancient Egyptian religion, the rise and decline of his cult, and his influence on art and architecture. It will examine the various factors that contributed to the god's significant impact on ancient Egypt, and how his legacy continues to be studied and understood today. Origins and early history of Amun The origin of Amun, like many ancient Egyptian gods, is uncertain and debated by scholars. However, it is believed that Amun was originally a local god of the city of Thebes, in Upper Egypt. He was associated with the air and the sun and was considered a god of fertility and regeneration. Amun's name means "hidden" or "concealed" which reflects his mysterious and unknowable nature. In the early years of ancient Egyptian history, Amun was not one of the major gods of the pantheon, but as the city of Thebes grew in power and influence, so did the worship of Amun. He was eventually combined with the god Ra, the sun god, to form Amun-Ra, a powerful creator god who was believed to have brought the world into existence. As Amun-Ra gained popularity, his cult spread throughout Egypt. Thebes became the main center of his worship
Amun | Origin, Significance, Facts | Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses God Amun, also known as Amen or Ammon, was one of the most important and powerful deities in ancient Egyptian religion and culture. He was considered the supreme god and was associated with the sun, air, and fertility during the New Kingdom of Egypt.
King Sneferu | Life, Reign, Achievements, Facts, Legacy King Senefru, also known as Sneferu, was a powerful and influential pharaoh of ancient Egypt who reigned during the 4th dynasty, the Old Kingdom of Egypt. He is considered to be one of the most significant pharaohs of ancient Egypt and his reign marked a turning point in the history of the civilization. He expanded Egypt's territories and brought stability to the kingdom and initiated several building projects and architectural achievements that were considered to be engineering marvels. Pharoah Senefru was also the founder of the 4th dynasty and father of the famous pharaoh Khufu, known for building the Great Pyramid of Giza. His legacy in the history of ancient Egypt is truly remarkable and his impact is still felt to this day. This article will take a closer look at King Senefru's life, reign, achievements, and legacy, and how it has shaped the history of ancient Egypt. King Sneferu Early Life and Reign King Senefru, was the son of the pharaoh Huni and queen Meresankh I. He was born into a powerful family and was groomed from a young age to take the throne. During his ascension to the throne, the political climate of ancient Egypt was marked by power struggles and territorial conflicts. The King was able to navigate these challenges and consolidate his power through military campaigns and territorial expansion in Nubia, Lebanon, and Libya. During the early years of his reign, King Senefru led several military campaigns to expand Egypt's territories and bring stability to the kingdom. He also initiated several building projects and architectural achievements, including the construction of the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid, which were considered to be engineering marvels of their time. These early achievements established King Sneferu as a powerful and capable
King Sneferu | Life, Reign, Achievements, Facts, Legacy King Senefru, also known as Sneferu, was a powerful and influential pharaoh of ancient Egypt who reigned during the 4th dynasty, the Old Kingdom of Egypt. He is considered to be one of the most significant pharaohs of ancient Egypt and his reign marked a turning point
The God Osiris | Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses | Myth, Facts, Description, Symbols God Osiris is one of the most prominent gods in ancient Egyptian mythology and Pharaonic civilization. He has been revered for centuries as the god of the afterlife, the dead, and the underworld. This god of fertility and the annual flooding of the Nile was also considered the ruler of the afterlife and the judge of the dead. In ancient Egyptian society, belief in the god Osiris played a central role in religious beliefs and practices. Although, his cult was one of the most popular and enduring. Many temples were dedicated to Osiris, and his festivals were celebrated with great reverence, marking important events in the religious calendar. This article will delve deeper into the mythology of Osiris, his role in ancient Egyptian religion and culture, and his continued presence in modern culture. The Myth of Osiris The story of Osiris is one of the most well-known and enduring myths in ancient Egyptian mythology. According to the myth, Osiris was the firstborn son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut. He was the brother of Seth, Isis, and Nephthys. Besides, he is the father of Horus. Osiris was considered the ruler of the afterlife and the judge of the dead, in Ancient Egyptian belief. He was also associated with fertility and the annual flooding of the Nile River. The story goes that Osiris taught the Egyptians how to cultivate the land, build towns, and live in civilized communities. He also showed them the art of reading and writing, art of music, the art of medicine, and the art of religion. However, his brother Seth was jealous of Osiris's power and popularity and plotted to kill him. God Seth tricked Osiris into getting into
The God Osiris | Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses | Myth, Facts, Description, Symbols God Osiris is one of the most prominent gods in ancient Egyptian mythology and Pharaonic civilization. He has been revered for centuries as the god of the afterlife, the dead, and the underworld. This god of fertility and the annual flooding
The tombs of Nobles in the New Kingdom | Layout, locations, decorations The tombs of Nobles in the new Kingdom of Egypt are located in many places on the west bank of the Nile River in the Theban necropolis depending on the historical era. During the Old Kingdom The tombs of Nobles were in El Tarif, on the north side of the Theban Necropolis. This area was for the provincial governors of Waset (Luxor). From the 11th Dynasty The tombs of Nobles in the New Kingdom spread between El Tarif and Deir El Bahari. These tombs were built around the royal funerary complexes of Draa Abu El Naga and Deir El Bahari. These traditions last till the 17th Dynasty, Second Intermediate Period. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty The tombs of Nobles started to be in different places from the royal necropolis. Engineer Ineni of Thutmose I believe that the Pharaohs’ tombs should be in a separate place. Rules of digging a Noble tomb Digging a tomb for a Nobel man in ancient Egypt was subject to certain rules from the beginning of the 18th dynasty. The very top of Sheikh Abd El Gurna was dedicated to senior statesmen (High Officials). While the lower part of the same place was dedicated to the less-ranking officials. Sometimes we found two tombs for the same person, one at the bottom of the area and one at the top of the area. Historians thought that maybe the one at the bottom was when the owner was a young official and he became an important official, he dug another one at the top with the High Officials. Ramesside period, 19th Dynasty In the Ramesside Period, Nobles chose two places for their tombs in Sheikh Abd El Qura such as Pa Ser TT106. Besides, The south part
The tombs of Nobles in the New Kingdom | Layout, locations, decorations The tombs of Nobles in the new Kingdom of Egypt are located in many places on the west bank of the Nile River in the Theban necropolis depending on the historical era. During the Old Kingdom The tombs of Nobles were in El
Tomb of Sennefer | TT96 the tomb of the vineyards | Valley of Nobles Frankly speaking, if you are in Luxor and have time make sure you do not miss the tomb of Sennefer. Sennefer’s tomb is one of the most beautiful tombs in the Valley of Nobles on Luxor west bank. TT96 is known since the Greco-Roman era because of graffiti on the walls of the tomb. Here, you can see a different 18th Dynasty Nobles’ tomb style and part of the Egyptian civilization through the rich people. Besides, the importance of the ancient Egyptian religion in people’s life. The importance of the family in ancient Egypt in life and death. Who was Sennefer? Sennefer is one of the High Officials of the New Kingdom during the reign of Amenhotep II (1427-1400 BC), near the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty. He became the Mayor of Thebes when his cousin Amenemopet was the Vizier of Upper Egypt. Sennefer Titles during his lifetime Sen Nefer or the good brother carried many titles during his life under Amenhotep II. Here are some of them Mayor of the city (Thebes) Overseer of the Granaries of Amun Overseer of the Herds of Amun Overseer of the gardens of Amun First friend of the palace, the king Ear of the King of Lower Egypt Lord of Kus Where is Sennefer’s tomb located? The tomb of Sennefer is located on Luxor west bank in the Upper Enclosure of the Sheikh Abd el-Qurna district of the Theban Necropolis opposite Luxor in the valley of Nobles. When was the tomb of Sennefer found? The tomb of Sennefer was known since antiquity. We know for sure that Englishman Robert Hay visited the tomb in 1826. Robert Hay copied the scenes of the tomb which is now in the British
Tomb of Sennefer | TT96 the tomb of the vineyards | Valley of Nobles Frankly speaking, if you are in Luxor and have time make sure you do not miss the tomb of Sennefer. Sennefer’s tomb is one of the most beautiful tombs in the Valley of Nobles on Luxor west bank. TT96 is known
Early Dynastic Period of Egypt | Thinite Period What is the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt? The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, also known as the Thinite Period, refers to the period in ancient Egyptian history from about 3150–2650 BC. This was the era in which Egypt became a united country under the rule of one king and a centralized government. The Archaic period in Egyptian history immediately followed the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, c. 3150 BC. This Thinite Period comprised the first two dynasties of ancient Egyptian history, during which many of the major aspects of ancient Egyptian culture, and society emerged. The Archaic Period is characterized by the emergence of the kingdoms as a political unit, the development of an alphabet, and the rise of literature and art. Why it is called the Thinite Dynasty? The Early Dynastic Period is called Thinite Period because it originated in the south of Egypt in Thinis city. The Thinis city is supposed to be the city of the kings of the Archaic Period near Abydos in Sohag. How long did the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt last? The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt lasted from about 3150 to 2650 BCE, some 500 years. This period was characterized by the development of writing, which was used to record laws, religious texts, and other important information. What was the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt famous for? The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt is most famous for the construction of Mastabas with sun-dried bricks. The gods such as God Horus and God Seth became widespread in Egypt The writing system was developed especially in the second Dynasty during the Peribsen era. The capital of the united Egypt moved from Thinis to Memphis in lower Egypt. Kings of the first dynasty were buried
Early Dynastic Period of Egypt | Thinite Period What is the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt? The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, also known as the Thinite Period, refers to the period in ancient Egyptian history from about 3150–2650 BC. This was the era in which Egypt became a united country under the rule of
Peribsen | Ancient Egyptian History Who was the Pharoah Peribsen? King Peribsen was an ancient Egyptian Pharoah of the Second Dynasty, Early Dynastic Period. His predecessor was Ninetjer and his successor was Khasekhemwy, the builder of Shunet El Zebib. Peribsen Family Until now, we have no idea about the Peribsen family or wives but most probably he was not from the royal family. According to some historians, Peribsen leads a coup to overthrow the sitting king. He is most known for changing with the royal tradition of associating himself with the god Horus and instead putting God Seth, the jackal, on top of his Serekh. There was a political and religious conflict between the followers of Horus and Seth for many years. In other words, there was a civil war between Upper and Lower Egypt and Peribsen made an obvious political statement about it by changing his name and supporting Seth against Horus. Pharoah Royal titulary We found 3 names for the Pharoah Peribsen and seems he changed the Egyptian traditions of that time by replacing God Seth instead of Horus in his Horus name. Horus name Sekhemib means the power of the heart Seth Peribsen Seth, the one who has come forth from them Nebty Name Sekhemib Per-en-maat The two ladies, powerful of heart, who has come forth from the cosmological order" Throne name Peribsen Facts about Peribsen Peribsen ruled Egypt for about seventeen years He was the first king to write his name on a cartouche in Saqqara King Peribsen has a tomb P in Abydos at Umm El Qaab square building without any side chambers There is a seal for the Pharoah in National Museums Liverpool One seal made out of clay was found in a tomb in Beit Khallaf in Upper Egypt A Granite stele was
Peribsen | Ancient Egyptian History Who was the Pharoah Peribsen? King Peribsen was an ancient Egyptian Pharoah of the Second Dynasty, Early Dynastic Period. His predecessor was Ninetjer and his successor was Khasekhemwy, the builder of Shunet El Zebib. Peribsen Family Until now, we have no idea about the Peribsen family or wives but most
Opet Festival in ancient Egypt | New Kingdom of Egypt | Egyptian Festivals What is the Opet Festival? The Opet Festival was one of the most important religious festivals in ancient Egypt, especially during the New Kingdom in Thebes. It was an annual festival during which the sacred barks of the triad of Thebes, Amun, Mut, and Khonsu journeyed from Karnak to Luxor and back since the 18th Dynasty. According to some, the Opet Festival continued into the Roman and the Coptic Period. What is the most important festival in Egypt? Ancient Egyptian history is very rich with feasts and celebrations since the beginning of history. For example, the Saqqara complex has a huge place where they were celebrating the Heb Sed Festival. Meanwhile, during the New Kingdom of Egypt when Luxor was the capital, we found a lot of their feast during that time. During the Greco-Roman era, temples such as Esna, Edfu, Kom Ombo, and Philae still keep a lot of these feasts decorating their walls. Surprisingly, the Palermo stone dates back to 2500 BC and mentioned many of these feasts. Feats in ancient Egypt varied from religious to political feasts allowing all people to share both rich and poor. In fact, one of the most important feasts in the past was the Opet Festival together with the beautiful feast of the Valley. Meanwhile, they have much more feasts like gods’ feasts such as Min Festival, Sokar Festival, Bastet, Hathor, and Isis. The Purpose of the Opet Festival? The purpose of this festival was to give energy to the Netjer—divine power—and to reestablish the pharaoh’s divine right to rule. Queen Hatshepsut who ruled Egypt as a Pharaoh during 1473–1458 BC) is believed to have been the first to develop and celebrate the Opet Festival. During her reign, the
Opet Festival in ancient Egypt | New Kingdom of Egypt | Egyptian Festivals What is the Opet Festival? The Opet Festival was one of the most important religious festivals in ancient Egypt, especially during the New Kingdom in Thebes. It was an annual festival during which the sacred barks of the triad of Thebes, Amun,
Mamluks | History, Leaders, Architecture & Decline In this article, we will talk in brief about the history of Egypt during the Mamluk era between 1250 to 1517 in which Egypt was ruled by Mamluks. We will mention who were the Mamluks. How they became rulers of Egypt? How they defeated the Mongols and the Crusaders? and how did the Mamluke state decline? Who are the Mamlukes? Mamluks were imported slaves by the Ayyubid’s rulers, mostly of Turkish or Caucasian stock, who were destined for a military career. The plan was to bring the Mamluks from non-Islamic countries. While they were mostly children who were raised according to strict rules in military barracks isolated from the outside world to guarantee their complete loyalty to the ruler. The Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad brought the Mamluks in the ninth century. After that, they were trained in the cavalry after their conversion to Islam to become soldiers and a force supporting the army under the direct leadership of the ruler. Some of them were appointed to high-command positions in the state, and they were the main reason behind the recruitment of the Mamluks is avoiding the recruitment of tribal members who are loyal and obedient to the leaders of their tribes. Later on, the Mamelukes’ influence increased until they were able to seize power in the year 1250 AD. Egypt was under the control of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi in 1169 AD, and the Mamluks were then part of the army in addition to the Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen, and others. This is to protect against a coup by members of the Ayyubid family and also to protect against attacks by the Crusaders. Saleh Ayoub died after 9 years of ruling over Egypt during the period 1240-1249 AD. Then, a struggle flared up between the
Mamluks | History, Leaders, Architecture & Decline In this article, we will talk in brief about the history of Egypt during the Mamluk era between 1250 to 1517 in which Egypt was ruled by Mamluks. We will mention who were the Mamluks. How they became rulers of Egypt? How they defeated the Mongols and the
Sultan Hassan | Sultan of Egypt | Mameluke Period An-Naser Badr al-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1334/35–17 March 1361), better known as an-Naser Hassan, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, and the seventh son of an-Naser Muhammad Ibn Qalawun to hold office, reigning twice in 1347–1351 and 1354–1361. He assumed power after his brother Al-Muzaffar Zain Al-Din Haji Bin Al-Nasser Muhammad, and after him, his brother Al-Nasser Badr Al-Din assumed power for the second time. Birth and upbringing Sultan Hassan was born in the year 1335 AD and grew up in the house of a king and a sultan. His father, Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawun was the ruler of the brightest periods of the Mamluk state, in which the state reached the peak of its strength and glory. and God willing, the young newborn will witness six years of his father’s prosperous rule, as he died in the year 1340 AD. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawun was succeeded by six of his sons, one of whom could hardly settle on the king until he is dismissed or killed and another took charge until it was the turn of Al-Nasser Hasan. So, he assumed the sultanate on 18th of December 1347 CE. a young boy who has no control over anything, little experience, and poor ability to confront princes and elders and manage matters. Co-regent The matter was being managed by the two princes, Manjik and his brother, "Bibgaars", and Sultan Hassan became like the one who was interdicted. unable to act, and fate wanted the second year of his rule to witness the emergence of an epidemic that intensified in Egypt and killed hundreds of thousands. Historians mention that he was dying in Egypt between ten thousand to fifteen thousand per day, and the pits were dug and
Sultan Hassan | Sultan of Egypt | Mameluke Period An-Naser Badr al-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1334/35–17 March 1361), better known as an-Naser Hassan, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, and the seventh son of an-Naser Muhammad Ibn Qalawun to hold office, reigning twice in 1347–1351 and 1354–1361. He assumed power after his brother
Khasekhemwy (2610–2593 BC) | Egypt History Who was the Pharoah Khasekhemwy? King Khasekhemwy was the last king of the Second Dynasty after Peribsen according to the Abydos King List, Saqqara King List, and Royal Canon of Turin. Khasekhemwy Family King Khasekhemwy married Queen Nimaathap who carried the title of mother of the King’s Children. They were king Djoser’s wife Hetephernebti and the parents of his successors Sekhemkhet and Sanakhte. Khasekhemwy Royal titulary From the beginning of the Old Kingdom onwards, each king had five names made up of his name. These titularies were announced at the coronation when a pharaoh officially became king. Khasekhemwy was the last king of the Thinite Dynasty or the Early Dynastic Period which is before the Old Kingdom. So far, we found only three titularies for him. Horus name Kha sekhem (some believe he had a similar predecessor with a very similar name or maybe there are the same person) The powerful one has appeared Kha sekhem wy The powerful ones have appeared Kha sekhemwy hetep netjerwy imef The two powerful ones have appeared, the two lords being satisfied with him Nebty Name Kha sekhemwy hetep netjerwy imef The two powerful ones have appeared, the two lords being satisfied with him Throne name Bebety Facts about Khasekhemwy Khasekhemwy was the last King of the 2nd Dynasty of ancient Egyptian history during the Early Dynastic Period. The King ruled Egypt according to some for 30 years or 18 years He was the successor of Peribsen Some believe the king changed his name from Khasekhem to Khasekhemwy after he put down various rebellions. The only one decorated his Serekh with the God Horus and The God Seth. His name means "The Two Powerful Ones appear" He fights the northern enemies in the city of Nekheb (Hierakonpolis) To
Khasekhemwy (2610–2593 BC) | Egypt History Who was the Pharoah Khasekhemwy? King Khasekhemwy was the last king of the Second Dynasty after Peribsen according to the Abydos King List, Saqqara King List, and Royal Canon of Turin. Khasekhemwy Family King Khasekhemwy married Queen Nimaathap who carried the title of mother of the King’s Children. They
The Red Chapel of Hatshepsut in Karnak temple Luxor Egypt Facts, History, Layout | Architectural Design, inscriptions & decorations and more about Egypt Temples in Open-Air Museum Karnak. One of the top tourist attractions is the Red Chapel of Hatshepsut at the Open-Air Museum, Karnak temple, Luxor. We will introduce in briefly About Hatshepsut and why she is very famous in ancient Egyptian History. Meanwhile, her red chapel at Karnak has a very unique Barque shrine and it is so important. All Egypt tour packages or Nile Cruises include Karnak temple in the itinerary. However, Egypt tours, and Luxor Tours from Hurghada and Marsa Alam include the temple as a source of information about the Ancient Egyptian civilization during the New Kingdom. Who was Pharoah Hatshepsut? Hatshepsut was the fifth Pharoah of the eighteenth dynasty of ancient Egyptian history. Meanwhile, one of the most successful Egyptian Pharaohs such as Ramesses II, Thutmose III, and Akhenaten. Queen Hatshepsut was the daughter of Pharoah Thutmose I with his royal wife Ahmose and half-sister of Pharoah Thutmose II. Hatshepsut’s name means Foremost of Noble Ladies. Although, she is the only female character who ruled Egypt for a very long time almost 23 years. Together with two more Great Female Rulers of Ancient Egypt Merneith (2nd dynasty) and Sobekneferu (12th dynasty). Hatshepsut was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh after Sobekneferu. Queen Hatshepsut has a very nice tomb in the Valley of the Kings KV 20 as a Pharoah and is believed by many Egyptologists to have been the oldest in the Valley of the Kings. Meanwhile, Hatshepsut added parts to Luxor temple, and her temple at Deir El Bahari together with her Obelisks are among Karnak highlights. How to get to the Red Chapel of Hatshepsut? If you are visiting the Karnak temple,
The Red Chapel of Hatshepsut in Karnak temple Luxor Egypt Facts, History, Layout | Architectural Design, inscriptions & decorations and more about Egypt Temples in Open-Air Museum Karnak. One of the top tourist attractions is the Red Chapel of Hatshepsut at the Open-Air Museum, Karnak temple, Luxor. We will introduce in briefly About Hatshepsut and
Ben Ezra synagogue Cairo, Egypt | El Geniza Synagogue Ben Ezra Synagogue is one of the largest and most important Jews Synagogues in Cairo, Egypt. The Synagogue is famous for its Geniza found in the 19th century and contained a treasure of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic manuscripts. What is the function of the synagogue? The synagogue for the Jews similar to the mosques for the Muslims and Churches for Christians, a place space for worship and prayer. in Judaism, a community house of worship that serves as a place not only for liturgical services but also for assembly and study. Where is Ben Ezra Synagogue? Ben Ezra Synagogue, referred to as El Geniza Synagogue is located in Old Cairo on Mar Girgis Street behind the Coptic Museum and near the Church of Saint Sergius and Bacchus. The Synagogue has an interesting mix of history, as the site was originally a church and then converted into a synagogue a century ago. What was the Ben Ezra synagogue? Once the Synagogue was a Coptic Church belonging to the Hanging Church but Ahmed Ibn Tulun forced the Christians to pay 20000 gold dinars in annual taxes. Patriarch Mikhail III the 56 Pope sold it to the Jews to be able to pay the taxes. As a consequence, Abraham Ben Ezra, who came from Jerusalem during Ahmed Ibn Tulun's reign, bought the church for 20,000 dinars. Jews believe that the prophet Moses lived in the area or in other words it is the place where baby Moses was found. When Ben Ezra Synagogue was built? The construction date of the Ben Ezra Synagogue is not known, but there is evidence from some documents found in Geniza that it dates back to 882 C.E and most probably pre-Islam. Ben Ezra Synagogue Cairo Egypt layout First
Ben Ezra synagogue Cairo, Egypt | El Geniza Synagogue Ben Ezra Synagogue is one of the largest and most important Jews Synagogues in Cairo, Egypt. The Synagogue is famous for its Geniza found in the 19th century and contained a treasure of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic manuscripts. What is the function of the synagogue? The
Ahmed Ibn Tulun Mosque |History, Facts of the Tulunid Mosque I want to build a building where if Egypt burns, it will remain, and if it sinks, it will remain. So, it was said to him, must be built with lime, ash, and red bricks that are strong in the fire to the ceiling, and marble pillars are not made in it; It has no patience for fire. These were the words of Ahmed Ibn Tulun when he wanted to build his mosque and that was the advice he received from his assistants. Now we will give an idea about the builder Ahmed Ibn Tulun and we will explain the location of the Tulunid mosque and its layout and some facts about the mosque. Ahmed Ibn Tulun (868 to 883 A.D) Abbasid caliphates starting from Al Mutasim introduced non-Muslim Berber, Slav, and especially Turkish mercenary forces into his personal army. some of the new army officers quickly learned to control the caliphate. Ahmed Ibn Tulun was one of those Turkish slave soldiers. Later on, Ibn Tulun was sent to Egypt as a governor by the Abbasid Caliph al-Muatazz bi-ʾllāh (866 to 869 AD). Ahmed Ibn Tulun established the first independent state in Egypt during the Abbasid period (876-879 AD). Ibn Tulun started many economic and cultural reforms. He started by establishing a new administrative center, called al-Qata’i, where he built his mosque, currently known as the Ibn Tulun Mosque. al-Qata’i was to the northeast of the previous capital, al-Askar, and adjacent to the settlement of Fustat. The city of al-Qata’i’ flourished for over four decades, until it was seized and destroyed by the Abbasids in 905 A.D Ahmed Ibn Tulun Mosque location Ahmed Ibn Tulun Mosque is located in the Saliba area between Al-Rumaila Square in the north and Al-Sayeda
Ahmed Ibn Tulun Mosque |History, Facts of the Tulunid Mosque I want to build a building where if Egypt burns, it will remain, and if it sinks, it will remain. So, it was said to him, must be built with lime, ash, and red bricks that are strong in the fire to the ceiling, and
Sultan Hassan Madrassa and Mosque in Cairo, Egypt | Plan, Design, History, Facts About the mosque Sultan Hassan Madrasa and Mosque in Cairo Egypt is the jewel of Islamic architecture in the East, the most consistent and harmonious monument of Islamic Cairo. It represents the stage of maturity of Mamluk architecture. The mosque was built by Sultan Al-Nasir Hassan Ibn Al-Nasser Muhammad Ibn Qalawun during the era of the Bahri Mamluk rule of Egypt. Sultan Hassan mosque was considered and still is still considered one of the most impressive historic monuments in Cairo today. Sultan Hassan Madrassa and Mosque Location The mosque of Sultan Hassan is located in Salah al-Din Square in the historic district of Cairo, Egypt. Who was Sultan Hassan who built the mosque and the madrasa? December 18 of the year 1347 AD, Sultan Hassan took over the rule of Egypt, one of the most prominent Mamluk sultans. Sultan Hassan is considered the nineteenth king of Egypt from the Turkish Mamluks, and the seventh of the sons of Al-Nasser Muhammad Ibn Qalawun. He took over the Sultanate twice, one of them in the year 2347 when he was 13 years old at the time. Then he took over again in the year 1354 AD after being imprisoned for three years. Sultan Al-Nasser Hassan Ibn Al-Sultan Al-Malik Al-Nasser Muhammad Ibn Al-Sultan Al-Malik Al-Mansur Qalawun. Sultan Hassan began to act as a true sultan after the period of tutelage ended and he reached the age of majority. But after a few months, the scene that was frequently repeated in the Mamluk era occurred, which is the struggle of the princes over power. As a result, Sultan Hassan was arrested and imprisoned. His brother "Saleh", who was called the good king Salah al-Din Saleh followed him. Sooner, the war broke
Sultan Hassan Madrassa and Mosque in Cairo, Egypt | Plan, Design, History, Facts About the mosque Sultan Hassan Madrasa and Mosque in Cairo Egypt is the jewel of Islamic architecture in the East, the most consistent and harmonious monument of Islamic Cairo. It represents the stage of maturity of Mamluk architecture. The mosque was built
Al Azhar Mosque Cairo, Egypt | location, facts, history, establishment, restorations Al Azhar Mosque Cairo Egypt is the first mosque established in Cairo and the finest building of Cairo's Fatimid era, completed in AD 972. The mosque is a mix of the Fatimid, Mameluke, and Ottoman architectural features blended together in the majestic building. As the mosque-madrasa of Sultan Hassan, Ak Azhar is a mosque-madrasa complex and is one of the oldest universities in the world. Meanwhile, Al Azhar Mosque now is a unique mixture of styles and periods. For example, the qibla wall dates from the 14th century, Sultan Qaitbay added one of the minarets in 1475 and the main façade is from 1the 9th century, while the double-arched gate of the main façade belongs to the mid-18th century. Where is Al Azhar Mosque? Al Azhar Mosque is located in El Hussein Square, El Darb El Ahmar, Cairo Governorate, Egypt. When Al Azhar was built? Al Azhar Mosque dates back to the beginning of the Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt. As soon as they first established their state in Tunisia, North Africa, and in order to expand their state, they were in need of a new capital more central than Tunisia. Thus, the Fatimids conquered Egypt and built the city of al-Qahirah (Cairo) to be their new capital. Jawhar al-Siqilli was the most important and famous leader in Fatimid history, as he was the founder of the city of Cairo. He finished the palace for his Fatimid Caliph al-Muizz Li Din Allah then he started Al Azhar Mosque. Building the mosque started in April 970 AD and it ended in the month of Ramadan in the year 972 AD. Who built Al Azhar Mosque? Jawhar El-Siqilli, the army leader of al-Muizz Li Din Allah, the first Fatimid Caliph in Egypt
Al Azhar Mosque Cairo, Egypt | location, facts, history, establishment, restorations Al Azhar Mosque Cairo Egypt is the first mosque established in Cairo and the finest building of Cairo‘s Fatimid era, completed in AD 972. The mosque is a mix of the Fatimid, Mameluke, and Ottoman architectural features blended together in the majestic building. As
